Crystal structures tungsten

Although molybdenum dioxide and tungsten dioxide have isomorphous crystal structures, tungsten dioxide and uranium dioxide do not, but uranium dioxide, thorium dioxide, and cerium dioxide do have isomorphous structures. It is interesting to note that although uranium is not associated with tungsten in minerals, uranium and thorium minerals practically always have the rare-earth elements associated with them, and the rare-earth minerals practically always contain uranium or thoriuno. 

Calculations of this type are carried out for fee, bcc, rock salt, and hep crystal structures and applied to precursor decay in single-crystal copper, tungsten, NaCl, and LiF [17]. The calculations show that the initial mobile dislocation densities necessary to obtain the measured rapid precursor decay in all cases are two or three orders of magnitude greater than initially present in the crystals. Herrmann et al. [18] show how dislocation multiplication combined with nonlinear elastic response can give some explanation for this effect. 

The compound K0 3NbF3 has an average niobium valency of 2.7 and forms a crystal structure that is referred to as hexagonal tungsten bronze [239]. 

The validity of this approach can be demonstrated by the example of several complex fluoride compounds that exhibit ferroelectric properties, such as compounds that belong to the SrAlF5 family [402, 403]. The crystal structure of the compounds is made up of chains of fluoroaluminate octahedrons that are separated by another type of chains - ramified chains. Other examples are the compounds Sr3Fe2Fi2 and PbsWjOgFio. In this case, the chains of iron- or tungsten-containing octahedrons are separated from one another by isolated complexes with an octahedral configuration [423,424]. 

Tungsten carbide has a complex crystal structure with three phases Wq (subcarbide), the monocarbide WC (also called a-WC), and P-WCj.x, which is unstable and forms only above 1530°C. The monocarbide WC is the most important phase and the one reported here. Its characteristics and properties are summarized in Table 9.9. 

Kiessling, R. The Crystal Structures of Molybdenum and Tungsten Borides. 

Fig. 3 X-ray crystal structures of the radical tungsten complexes in [Me2C(r 5-C5H4)2W(dmit)]+" and [(r -C5H4But)2W(dmit)]+"...

Molybdenum and Tungsten Bronzes.—The results of the majority of studies of studies of new bronze phases are summarized in Table 9. Sno.2W03 and Sno.3 WO3 have been prepared and their crystal structures determined. Whether they are bronzes is debatable since they do not involve a host lattice of WO ... 

The fact that neutron scattering factors are similar for all elements means that light atoms scatter neutrons as effectively as heavy atoms and can therefore be located in the crystal structure for example the X-ray scattering factors for deuterium and tungsten are 1 and 74, respectively, whereas the equivalent neutron values are 0.667 and 0.486. This... 

The M-NM transition has been a topic of interest from the days of Sir Humphry Davy when sodium and potassium were discovered till then only high-density elements such as Au, Ag and Cu with lustre and other related properties were known to be metallic. A variety of materials exhibit a transition from the nonmetallic to the metallic state because of a change in crystal structure, composition, temperature or pressure. While the majority of elements in nature are metallic, some of the elements which are ordinarily nonmetals become metallic on application of pressure or on melting accordingly, silicon is metallic in the liquid state and nonmetallic in the solid state. Metals such as Cs and Hg become nonmetallic when expanded to low densities at high temperatures. Solutions of alkali metals in liquid ammonia become metallic when the concentration of the alkali metal is sufficiently high. Alkali metal tungsten bronzes... 

The distorted pentagonal-pyramidal coordination has been identified also in Mo and W oxo diperoxo siloxane complexes64 (14-17). Crystal structures for species 14, 15 and 16 have been solved, while for the tungsten dinuclear compound, structural identification was suggested on the basis of similar IR and Raman spectra obtained for complexes 16 and 1764. 

More recently the W2(C8H8)3 species was prepared from tungsten tetrachloride and potassium cyclooctatetraenide in THF (88). The crystal structure of this air-stable dimer has been interpreted in terms of a quadruple bond, albeit the tungsten-tungsten separation is a relatively lengthy 2.38 A as compared to the 2.26 A distance found in the W2Me8 xaJ ion noted above. Earlier reports of W2(C8II8)3 did not include structural or preparative details (32). 

Further confirmation of the structure comes from the X-ray crystal structure analysis of the cyclopropylcarbinyl tungsten complex CpW(CO)3(C5FI9) which reveals a tetragonal bipyramidal geometry at the metal, and a typical bisected conformation of the cyclo-propylcarbinyl-M moiety. The sigma C—M bond distance of 234 pm is expectedly much longer than the W—CO bonds (115 pm). 

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