Crystal fibers

Peyrilloux, A., Pagnoux, D., Reynaud, F, 2002, Evaluation of photonic crystal fiber potential for fibre linked version of stellar interferometers SPIE 4838, 1334... 

Figure 9. SEM photographs of polished, etched thin sections of modem Acropora palmata coral (after Edwards 1988). The scale bar in a is 100 microns. Visible in a are large macroscopic pores in the skeleton and well as the textnre of the very fine aragonite crystals, b is the same section as a bnt at higher magnification. The scale bar is 10 microns. Individnal aragonite crystal fibers are visible in b. ...

Knight, J. C., Arriaga, J., Birks, T. A., Ortigosa-Blanch, A., Wadsworth, W. J. and Russell, P. S. (2000). Anomalous dispersion in photonic crystal fiber. IEEE. Photon. Technol. Lett. 12, 807-9. 

Schreiber, T., Limpert, J., Zellmer, H., Tunnermann, A. and Hansen, K. P. (2003). High average power supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers. Opt. Commun. 228, 71-8. 

Kudlinski, A., George, A. K., Knight, J. C., Rulkov, A. B., Popov, S. V. and Taylor, J. R. (2006). Zero-dispersion wavelength decreasing photonic crystal fibers for ultraviolet-extended supercontinuum generation. Opt. Express 14, 5715-22. 

As the analytical, synthetic, and physical characterization techniques of the chemical sciences have advanced, the scale of material control moves to smaller sizes. Nanoscience is the examination of objects—particles, liquid droplets, crystals, fibers—with sizes that are larger than molecules but smaller than structures commonly prepared by photolithographic microfabrication. The definition of nanomaterials is neither sharp nor easy, nor need it be. Single molecules can be considered components of nanosystems (and are considered as such in fields such as molecular electronics and molecular motors). So can objects that have dimensions of >100 nm, even though such objects can be fabricated—albeit with substantial technical difficulty—by photolithography. We will define (somewhat arbitrarily) nanoscience as the study of the preparation, characterization, and use of substances having dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 nm. Many types of chemical systems, such as self-assembled monolayers (with only one dimension small) or carbon nanotubes (buckytubes) (with two dimensions small), are considered nanosystems. 

In another approach, two cascaded microstructure-collapses on a photonic crystal fiber are intentionally introduced by C02 laser or electric arc heating31. In this way, the mismatch of core size along the fiber causes light coupling between the core and cladding modes. 

While this book surveys a diversified range of photonic sensor structures, it is certainly impossible in one book volume to provide full coverage of all such structures known to science. Thus plasmonic photonic structures, photonic crystal fibers, and nanoparticles will be covered by other upcoming books in this Springer Series Integrated Analytical Systems. ... 

Fu, L., Jain, A., Xie, H., Cranfield, C., and Gu, M. 2006. Nonlinear optical endoscopy based on a double-clad photonic crystal fiber and a MEMS mirror. Opt. Express 14 1027-32. 

Paulsen, H. N., HiUigse, K. M., Thgersen, J., Keiding, S. R., and Larsen, J. J. 2003. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with a photonic crystal fiber based light source. Opt. Lett. 28 1123-25. 

Andresen, E. R., Keiding, S. R., and Potma, E. O. 2006. Picosecond anti-Stokes generation in a photonic-crystal fiber for interferometric CARS microscopy. Opt. Express 14 7246-51. 

Like crystals, fibers are composed of molecules in an ordered form. When irradiated by an X-ray beam perpendicular to the fiber axis, fibers produce distinctive diffraction patterns that reveal their dimensions at the molecular level. Because many fibrous materials are polymeric and of known chemical composition and sequence, their molecular dimensions are sometimes all that is needed to build a feasible model of their structure. 

Knight, J. C. Photonic crystal fibers. Nature (London) 424, 847-851 (2003). 

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