Cryptography

D. R. Hankerson et al., Coding Theory and Cryptography The Essentials, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded (2000)... 

In this equation, C andT refer to control and target qubits, respectively. The resulting state (output of the qugate) is said to be an entangled state of the two qubits, that is, a state that cannot be written as a product of states for each qubit [30]. The occurrence of such entangled states is another characteristic trait of QC, at the basis of secure quantum communication or cryptography. It also implies that, as opposed to what happens with a classical bit, an arbitrary quantum bit cannot be copied (the COPY classical operation is, in fact, based on the application of a succession of classical CNOT gates) [4]. 

Quantum Communications and Cryptography, edited by Alexander V. Sergienko... 

Besides quantum computations, entanglement has also been at the core of other active research such as quantum teleportation [32, 33], dense coding [34, 35], quantum communication [36], and quantum cryptography [37]. It is believed that the conceptual puzzles posed by entanglement have now become a physical source of novel ideas that might result in applications. 

Arensberg, Cryptography of Dante, 400-01 for some other tactical definitions, see also his chapter 2, Acrostics, 23ff. 

Cryptography and Alchemy in the Work of Marcel Duchamp and Walter Arensberg. Aries I/l (2001) 38-61. 

Naumann, F. Cryptography and the Arensberg Circle. Arts Magazine 52 (1977) 127-33. 

CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY Simon Critchley COSMOLOGY Peter Coles CRYPTOGRAPHY Fred Piper and Sean Murphy DARWIN Jonathan Howard DEMOCRACY Bernard Crick D E SCA RT E S Tom Sorell DRUGS Leslie Iversen THE EARTH Martin Redfern EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN Paul Langford EMOTION Dylan Fvans EMPIRE Stephen Howe ENGELS Terrell Carver ETH ICS Simon Blackburn THE EUROPEAN UNION John Pinder EVOLUTION... 

Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) are a family of standards for public-key encryption developed by RSA Laboratories. It describes the syntax for a number of data structures used with public-key cryptography. 

In 1976, Whitfield Diffie developed public-key encryption as an alternative to private-key encryption. Public-key encryption is based on two halves of the same key that are generated with special software at the same time. The key pair are mathematically related so that the private key cannot be determined from the public key. Only one of the two halves of the key pair is required to encrypt a message, with the other half being used for decryption. In public key cryptography, one half of the key pair (the private key) is assigned to an individual, and is closely guarded and securely stored on the user s local disk in either an encrypted format or as part of a token that interfaces with the computer. The other half of the key is published in a public directory where all users can access it and this therefore referred to as the public key. 

Public-key cryptography, when properly implemented and used, enables people to communicate in secrecy, and to sign documents, with almost absolute security and without ever having to exchange a private key. 

RSA Laboratories, in collaboration with Apple, Digital, Lotus, Microsoft, MIT, Northern Telecom, Novell and Sun, developed a family of standards describing data structures used with public key cryptography. 

Cipher key Secret cryptography key that is used by the Key Expansion routine to generate a set of round keys. 

D. Bouwmeester, A.K. Ekert, A. Zeilinger, The Physics of Quantum, Information Quantum Cryptography, Quantum Teleportation, Quantum, Computation (Springer, 2000)... 

Keywords Cryptography block ciphers modes of operation Counter mode (CTR) known plaintext attacks gamma period gamma overlapping... 

Modem computer systems are often used for processing, storing and transferring restricted information. These information systems have certain safety requirements and should maintain confidentiality. The easiest way of solving this problem in open systems is using cryptography. 

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