Cryptochromes photoreceptors

Partch, C. L. et al., Postranslational regulation of mammalian circadian clock by cryptochrome and proteinphosphatase 5, Proc Aarf Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 10467, 2006. Briggs, W.R., Christie, J.M., and Salomon, M., Phototropins a new family of flavinbinding blue light receptors in plants, Antioxid. Redox Signal, 3, 775, 2001. Briggs,W.R. et al.. The phototropin family of photoreceptors. Plant Cell, 13, 993, 2001. 

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Ahmad M, Grancher N, Heil M et al 2002 Action spectrum for cryptochrome-dependent hypocotyl growth inhibition in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 129 774-785 Bellingham J, Whitmore D, Philp AR, Wells DJ, Foster RG 2002 Zebrafish melanopsin isolation, tissue localisation and phylogenetic position. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 107 128-136 Crawford BH 1949 The scotopic visibility function. Proc Phys Soc Lond B62 321—334 Miyashita Y, Moriya T, Yamada K et al 2001 The photoreceptor molecules in Xenopus tadpole tail fin, in which melanophores exist. Zool Sci 18 671-674 Wald G 1945 The spectral sensitivity of the human eye a spectral adaptometer. J Opt Soc Am 35 187... 

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Shalitin D, Yang H, Mockler TC et al 2002 Regulation of A rahidopsis cryptochrome 2 by blue-light-dependent phosphorylation. Nature 417 763—767 Stanewsky R, Kaneko M, Emery P et al 1998 The cryb mutation identifies cryptochrome as a circadian photoreceptor in Drosophila. Cell 95 681-692 Takahashi JS, DeCoursey PJ, Bauman L, Menaker M 1984 Spectral sensitivity of a novel photoreceptive system mediating entrainment of mammalian circadian rhythms. Nature 308 186-188... 

Thresher RJ, Vitatema MH, Miyamoto Y et al 1998 Role of mouse cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptor in circadian photoresponses. Science 282 1490-1494... 

Several candidate photoreceptors have been suggested as mediating circadian photoentrainment including visual photoreceptors, cryptochromes and... 

Helfrich-Forster C, Winter C, Hofbauer A, Hall JC, Stanewsky R 2001 The circadian clock of fruit flies is blind after elimination of all known photoreceptors. Neuron 30 249-261 Lin FJ, Song W, Meyer-Bernstein E, Naidoo N, Sehgal A 2001 Photic signaling by cryptochrome in the Drosophilacitcidiaa system. Mol Cell Biol 21 7287-7294 Mas P, Devlin PF, Panda S, Kay SA 2000 Functional Interaction of phytochrome B and cryptochrome 2. Nature 408 207-211... 

Weit A large number of ganglion cells in the retina are probably clock cells and have cryptochrome on that basis alone. Again, it is this issue of how to distinguish a photoreceptor role from a clock role. 

The same interlocked feedback loop mechanism is thought to operate in circadian oscillator cells throughout the Drosophila circadian system. However, studies of the blue Hght photoreceptor CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) suggest that central and peripheral oscillator mechanisms in Drosophila are not the same. Drosophila CRY was initially identified as a photoreceptor that mediates light... 

Egan ES, Franklin TM, Hilderbrand-Chae MJ et al 1999 An extraretinally expressed insect cryptochrome with similarity to the blue light photoreceptors of mammals and plants. J Neurosci 19 3665-3673... 

Dunlap Although it s true that the circadian photoreceptor story is most completely developed for Neurospora and WCA, I would certainly say in the case of flies that cryptochrome very likely is a photoreceptor. 

Figure 23.2. Reaction mechanism of PD-DNA photolyase. A photon of blue light is absorbed by the MTHF chromophore that acts as a photoantenna. The excited energy is transferred to the flavin chromophore (FADFF). The excited flavin (FADFI ) acts as a photocatalyst and transfers an electron to a CPD in DNA. The thymines are restored to their native state and the electron is transferred back to the flavin. (Reproduced with permission from Sancar, A. Structure and function of DNA photolyase cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptors. Chem. Rev. 103, 2203-2237, 2003.)...

Sancar, A. Structure and function of DNA photolyase cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptors. Chem Rev. 103, 2203-2237, 2003. 

Fig. 3. Examples of natural photoantenna chromophores (2) 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF), a blue light photoreceptor pigment present in photolyase and some cryptochromes (3) Pheophytin a, the primary electron acceptor in cyanobacterial oxygenic photosynthesis. (4) 11-cis-retinal, which is involved as sensory photoreceptor component in the opsin-based visual process of animals and (5) the p-hydroxy-benzylidene-imidazolinone chromophore (HBDI) of the green fluorescent protein from bioluminescent marine species.

Structure and function of DNA photolyase and cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptors 03CRV2203. 

Redox reactions have been proposed to play a key role in light-responsive activities of cryptochromes [98, 99], blue-light photoreceptors in plants, animals, and bacteria with widespread functions ranging from the regulation of circadian rhythms of plants and animals [13] to the sensing of magnetic fields in a number of species... 

The photoreceptor molecules used by different microorganisms for light perception vary significantly and fall in different classes including BLUE proteins, cryptochromes, phototropins, phytochromes, and rhodopsins. Other prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms use photoactive yellow proteins (PYP) which contain a 4-hydroxycinnamate chromophore (21)., chlorophylls, carotenoids, phycobilins, and pterins. Hypericins have been found to be involved in photoorientation of ciliates (22). 

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