Photoreceptors, blue-light cryptochrome

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Figure 23.2. Reaction mechanism of PD-DNA photolyase. A photon of blue light is absorbed by the MTHF chromophore that acts as a photoantenna. The excited energy is transferred to the flavin chromophore (FADFF). The excited flavin (FADFI ) acts as a photocatalyst and transfers an electron to a CPD in DNA. The thymines are restored to their native state and the electron is transferred back to the flavin. (Reproduced with permission from Sancar, A. Structure and function of DNA photolyase cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptors. Chem. Rev. 103, 2203-2237, 2003.)...

Sancar, A. Structure and function of DNA photolyase cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptors. Chem Rev. 103, 2203-2237, 2003. 

Fig. 3. Examples of natural photoantenna chromophores (2) 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF), a blue light photoreceptor pigment present in photolyase and some cryptochromes (3) Pheophytin a, the primary electron acceptor in cyanobacterial oxygenic photosynthesis. (4) 11-cis-retinal, which is involved as sensory photoreceptor component in the opsin-based visual process of animals and (5) the p-hydroxy-benzylidene-imidazolinone chromophore (HBDI) of the green fluorescent protein from bioluminescent marine species.

Structure and function of DNA photolyase and cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptors 03CRV2203. 

Redox reactions have been proposed to play a key role in light-responsive activities of cryptochromes [98, 99], blue-light photoreceptors in plants, animals, and bacteria with widespread functions ranging from the regulation of circadian rhythms of plants and animals [13] to the sensing of magnetic fields in a number of species... 

The photoreceptor molecules used by different microorganisms for light perception vary significantly and fall in different classes including BLUE proteins, cryptochromes, phototropins, phytochromes, and rhodopsins. Other prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms use photoactive yellow proteins (PYP) which contain a 4-hydroxycinnamate chromophore (21)., chlorophylls, carotenoids, phycobilins, and pterins. Hypericins have been found to be involved in photoorientation of ciliates (22). 

Cryptochrome/photolyase blue light photoreceptor family. The photoreceptors in this family are flavoproteins. They have a wide range of functions including circadian clock regulation, seed germination, and pigment accumulation. 

Ozgur, S., and Sancar, A. (2003). Purification and properties of human blue-light photoreceptor cryptochrome 2. Biochemistry 42, 2926-2932. 

Sancar, A., Thompson, C. L., Thresher, R. J., Araujo, F., Mo, J., Ozgur, S., Vagas, E., Dawut, L., and Selby, C. P. (2000). Photolyase/cryptochrome family blue-light photoreceptors use light energy to repair DNA or set the circadian clock. CM Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 65, 157—171. 

Thompson, C. L., and Sancar, A. (2002). Photolyase/cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptors use photon energy to repair DNA and reset the circadian clock. Oncogene 21, 9043-9056. 

Worthington, E. N., Kavakli, I. H., Berrocal-Tito, G., Bondo, B. E., and Sancar, A. (2003). Purification and characterization of three members of the photolyase/ cryptochrome family blue-light photoreceptors from Vibrio chokrae. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 3914T-39154. 

Photoantennas in the majority of photolyase/cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptors. 

A. Sancar, Structure and Function of DNA Photolyase and Cryptochrome Blue-Light Photoreceptors, Chem. Rev. 103 (2003) 2203. 

Giliberto L, Perrotta G, Pallara P, Weller JL, Fraser PD, Brantley PM, Fiore A, Tavazza M, Giuliano G (2005) Manipulatirai of the blue light photoreceptor cryptochrome 2 in tomato affects vegetative developmtait, flowering time, and Iruit antioxidant content. Plant Physiol 137 199-208... 

Sancar, A. (2003) Structure and fimction of DNA photolyase and cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptors. Chem. Rev., 103,... 

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