Cryptic virus

Chabot DJ, Zhang PF, Quinnan GV, Broder CC. Mutagenesis of CXCR4 identifies important domains for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 X4 isolate envelope-mediated membrane fusion and virus entry and reveals cryptic coreceptor activity for R5 isolates. J Virol 1999 73(8) 6598-6609. 

Hope, T.J., Huang, X.J., McDonald, D. and Parslow, T.G. (1990) Steroid-receptor fusion of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev transactivator mapping cryptic functions of the arginine-rich motif. Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 7787-7791. 

Berns, K. I. and Linden, R. M. (1995). The cryptic life style of adeno-associated virus. Bioessays 17, 237-245. 

Shih, F.F., Cerasoli, D.M., and Caton, A.J. (1997) A major T cell determinant from the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) can be a cryptic self peptide in HA transgenic mice. Int. Immunol. 9,249-261. 

Bystander activation activation of autoreactive cells through nonspecific inflammation and induction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines is also of pathological consequence in MS. It has been suggested that bystander activation, induced by persistent virus infection or primed by molecular mimicry may activate autoreactive T-cells specific for the CNS (McCoy et al., 2006). Einally, cryptic antigens may also play a role in immune activation. In other immune-mediated diseases such as Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis and Chagas Heart Disease, exposure of cryptic epitopes leads to the activation of autoimmune cells and further contributes to... 

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