Propellants cryogenic

The best modern cryogenic propellant. Used in the most advanced space launch vehicles. Non-toxic, environmentally clean. 

Cryogenic Propellant Gaging System , Final Technical Report AFRPL-TR-60-145, General Nucleonics Division, Tyco Laboratories (1969)... 

IV. If the fuel or oxidizer has a critical point such that it must be kept at low temperatures in order that it remain liquid throughout the system, then it is termed a cryogenic propellant... 

A. A. Fowle, Estimation of Weight Penalties Associated with Alternate Methods for Storing Cryogenic Propellants in Space,/ Contract No. NAS5-664, Report No. 63270-11-01 (May 1962). 

T. Bailey et al. Cryogenic Propellant Stratification Analysis and Test Data Correlation, Technical Memorandum 431-265, The Martin Company, Denver, Colo. (19 May, 1960). 

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of apparatus for investigating cryogenic propellant flow characteristics.

Much research has flourished on thomoplastics test campaigns to investigate mechanical properties, feasibility studies for components of expendable launchers and cryogenic propellant tanks, prototype production of aircraft structural parts. An even greater number of applications in aircraft interiors, cabin furnishings and missile components is known. However, these activities have not won them the rank they deserve. 

Mayer, W., Schik, A., Talley, D., Woodward, R. (1998). Atomization and breakup of cryogenic propellants under high-pressure subcritical and supercritical conditions. J. Prop. Power, 14, 835-842. 

Woodward, R. Talley, D. (1996). Raman imaging of transcritical cryogenic propellants, AlAA 34th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, IV. AIAA-1996-468. 

It is (7), then, rather than (2) which is recommended as the basic tool to evaluate the insulation requirements for a rocket vehicle using a cryogenic propellant. 

Very low temperatures are encountered in current and proposed missiles and space vehicles due to the use of cryogenic propellants such as liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen and due to the near absolute zero temperatures encountered under certain conditions in outer space. Therefore, the properties of engineering materials at these extreme subzero temperatures are becoming of prime importance to the design engineer. 

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