Crustal structure

Miller EL, Cans PB (1989) Cretaceous crustal structure and metamorphism in the hinterland of the Sevier thrust belt, western U.S. Cordillera. Geology 17 59-62 Molnar P (1988) Continental tectonics in the aftermath of plate tectonics. Nature 335 131-137 Molnar P, England P (1990) Late Cenozoic uplift of mountain-ranges and global climate change - chicken or egg. Nature 346 29-34... 

Schneider, F., Loewe, J., Huber, R., Schindelin, H., and Kisker, C., 1996, Crustal structure of dimethyl sulfoxide reductase from Rhodobacter capsulatus at 1.88 resolution, J. Mol. Biol 263 53n63. 

Walther C. H., Flueh E., Ranero C. R., von Huene R., and Strauch W. (2000) An unusual crustal structure across the Pacific Margin of Nicaragua. Geophys. J. Inter. 141, 759-777. 

The total-crust composition is calculated according to the upper, middle and lower-crust compositions obtained in this study and corresponding weighing factors of 0.317, 0.296 and 0.388. The weighing factors are based on the layer thickness of the global continental crust, recalculated from crustal structure and areal proportion of various tectonic units given by Rudnick and Fountain (1995). 

Fountain D. M. and Salisbury M. H. (1981) Exposed cross-sections through the continental crust implications for crustal structure, petrology, and evolution. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 56, 263-277. 

Luosto U. and Korhonen H. (1986) Crustal structure of the baltic shield based on off-fennolora refraction data. Tectonophysics 128, 183-208. 

Luosto U., Fliih E. R., Lund C.-E., and Group W. (1989) The crustal structure along the POLAR profile from seismic refraction investigations. Tectonophysics 162, 51-85. 

Nguuri T. K., Gore J., James D. E., Webb S. J., Wright C., Zengeni T. G., Gwavava O., and Snoke J. A. (2001) Crustal structure beneath southern Africa and its implications for the formation and evolution of the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28(13), 2501-2504. 

Coffin M. F. and Eldholm O. (1994) Large igneous provinces crustal structure, dimension, and external consequences. Rev. Geophys. 32, 1-36. 

Steck L. K. and Prothero W. A., Jr., (1994) Crustal structure beneath long valley caldera from modelling of teleseismic P wave polarizations and Ps converted waves. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 99, 6881-6898. 

Klingelhofer E. Geli L., Matias L., Steinsland N., and Mohr J. (2000) Crustal structure of a super-slow spreading centre a seismic refraction study ofMohns Ridge, 72° N. Geophys. J. Int. 141, 509-526. 

Kodaira S., Mjelde R., Gunnarsson K., Shirobara H., and Shimamura H. (1997) Crustal structure of the Kolbeinsey Ridge, North Atlantic, obtained by use of ocean bottom seismographs. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 3131-3151. 

Mutter C. Z. and Mutter J. C. (1993) Variations in thickness of Layer 3 dominated oceanic crustal structure. Earth Planet Sci. Lett 117, 295-317. 

Although the deeper crustal and lithospheric levels of the OJP are not exposed, seismic velocity data has been used to model the crustal structure (Farnetani et al., 1996 Gladczenko et al, 1997). 

Earnetani C. G., Richards M. A., and Ghiorso M. S. (1996) Petrological models of magma evolution and deep crustal structure beneath hotspots and flood basalt provinces. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 143, 81-94. 

Gladczenko T. P., Coffin M. E., and Eldhohn O. (1997) Crustal structure of the Ontong Java Plateau modeling of new gravity and existing seismic data. J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth 102, 22711-22729. 

Within the resolution of the data, the mantle structure of the Archaean Limpopo Belt does not differ significantly from that of the adjacent cratons. The similarity with cratonic mantle structure contrasts sharply with the results of crustal structure determinations (Nguuri et al. 2001), which show the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt to be characterized by thick crust and poorly developed Moho relative to the adjacent cratons. Interestingly, the SKS splitting results for the southern Africa array show that the Limpopo Belt exhibits a consistent east-west mantle fabric, presumably acquired at the time of craton collision (Silver et al. 2001). 

Nguuri, T. 2002. Crustal structure of the Kaapvaal craton and surrounding mobile belts analysis of teleseismic P-waveforms cmd surface wave inversions. PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. 

Stuart, G. W., Zengeni, T. Clark, R. A. 1986. Crustal structure of the Limpopo mobile belt, Zimbabwe. In Abstracts, the Tenth UK Geophysical Assembly. Royal Astronomical Society, London, 261. 

Hughes, S. Luetgert, J. H. 1991. Crustal structure of the western New England Appalachians and the Adirondack Mountains, Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 16471-16494. 

Owens, T. J. 1987. Crustal structure of the Adirondacks determined from broadband teleseismic waveform modeling, Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 6391-6401. 

Zelt, C. a. Forsyth, D. A. 1994. Modeling wide-angle seismic data for crustal structure southeastern Grenville province. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 11678-11705. 

Swager, C. P., Goleby, B. R., Drummond, B. J., Rattenbury, M. S. Williams, P. R. 1997. Crustal structure of granite-greenstone terranes in the Eastern Goldfields, Yilgarn Craton, as revealed by seismic reflection profiling. Precam-brian Research, 83, 43-56. 

Kaila, K. L, Krishna, V. G., Mall, D. M. (1981). Crustal structure along Mehmedabad-Billimora profile in the Cambay basin, India, from deep seismic sounding. Tectonophysics, 76, 99-130. doi 10.1016/0040-1951(81)90255-9... 

Bentley CR (1983) Crustal structure of Antarctica from geophysical evidence a review. In Oliver RL, James PR, Jago JB (eds) Antarctic earth science. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, ACT, Australia, pp 491-497 Bentley CR, Robertson JD (1982) Isostatic gravity anomalies in West Antarctica. In Craddock C (ed) Antarctic geoscience. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wl, pp 949-954 Bentley CR, Robertson JD, Greischar LL (1982) Isostatic gravity anomalies on the Ross Ice Shelf. In Craddock C (ed) Antarctic geoscience. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wl, pp 1077-1081... 

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