Crosslinking reagents hydrophobic

Hydrophobic crosslinking reagents each with two photochemically ac-tivatable groups have been synthesized by Mikkelson and Wallach (1976). Their reagents (Fig. 5.1) were designed to bind to the lipid bilayer of... 

Self-assembling injectable biomaterials also undergo gelation or phase-separation without chemical crosslinking reagents as described previously for environmentally responsive materials. Phase-separation of either hydrophobic bulk material or hydrophobic domains of amphiphilic molecules is a frequently applied mechanism by which self-assembly proceeds. 

Figure 2.1 Three types of fluorophenyl esters have been used for coupling to amine-containing molecules. The PFP and TFP esters are relatively hydrophobic and typically have better stability toward hydrolysis in aqueous solution than NHS esters. The STP ester is water-soluble due to the negatively charged sulfonate group, and it provides better solubility to associated crosslinkers or bioconjugation reagents similar to that of a sulfo-NHS ester group.

SIAX is a hydrophobic reagent that should penetrate membrane structures with good efficiency. The crosslinker must be solubilized in organic solvent (DMF or DMSO) prior to transferring a small amount to an aqueous reaction medium. 

The introduction of lignins in urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins has also been extensively investigated [38] and successful industrial applications for particleboard have been operating with about 10 per cent of spent sulphite liquor in the UF formulation. Higher lignin contents have been applied to improve water resistance. In these resins, the lignin does not replace another reagent, as in the case of the PF counterparts, but simply intervenes as a third component, whose reactivity is lower, but whose interests lie in its low price and hydrophobic contribution to the final crosslinked material. 

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