Crossland

Crossland W A and Wilkinson T D 1998 Nondisplay applications of liquid crystals Handbook of Liquid Crystals Vol 1. Fundamentals ed D Demus, J Goodby, G W Gray, H-W Speiss and V Vill (New York Wiley-VCH)... 

B. Crossland, Proc. Inst. Mech. Engrs.,part 3A, 180, 243 (1966). 

B. Crossland and co-workers, Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Pressure Vessel Tech. 2, 375 (1980). 

J. G. Logan and B. Crossland, Proeeedings Conferenee on Praetieal Applieations ofFraetureMeehanies to Pressure VesselTeehnology, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London, 1971, p. 148. 

B. Crossland and A. S. Bahrani, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Center High Fnerg Formings University of Denver, Denver, Colo., 1967. 

Molecular sieves placed in hags or porous containers Alkylation of aromatics Crossland, U.S. Patent 5,04.3,506 (1991)... 

Submitted by Sharon D. Lipsky and Stan S. Hall1 Checked by Robert E. Ireland, Paula. J. Clendening, Kathryn D. Crossland, and Alvin K. Willard... 

BCF factors in fish ranging from 1.08 to 1.85, indicating that bioconcentration of methyl parathion is not an important fate process (Crossland and Bennett 1984). In another study, methyl parathion was added to the water of a carp-rearing pond and the concentration of methyl parathion was measured in water, soil, macrophytes, and carp over a 35-day period. Results showed that methyl parathion accumulated in macrophytes for 1 day and in carp for 3 days following exposure, and then dissipated. The concentrations of methyl parathion decreased in macrophytes by 94% by day 35 and by 98% in carp tissue by day 28 (Sabharwal and Belsare 1986). These data indicate the potential for biomagnification in the food chain is likely to be low because methyl parathion appears to be metabolized in aquatic organisms. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. There are a few studies to determine residues of methyl parathion in organisms in the environment. These have consistently shown low methyl parathion residues, indicating that methyl parathion does not bioconcentrate to a significant extent in aquatic organisms, plants, or animals (Crossland and Bennett 1984 Sabharwal and Belsare 1986). The methyl parathion that does get into organisms is rapidly degraded (Sabharwal and Belsare 1986). Some recent analyses of fish in a... 

Crossland NO, Bennett D. 1984. Fate and biological effects of methyl parathion in outdoor ponds and laboratory aquaria. I. Fate. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 8 471-481. 

In the quest for better methods of establishing the environmental safety (or otherwise) of chemicals, interest has grown in the use of microcosms and meso-cosms—artificial systems in which the effects of chemicals on populations and communities can be tested in a controlled way, with replication of treatments. Mesocosms have been defined as bounded and partially enclosed outdoor units that closely resemble the natural environment, especially the aquatic environment (Crossland 1994). Microcosms are smaller and less complex multispecies systems. They are less comparable with the real world than are mesocosms. Experimental ponds and model streams are examples of mesocosms (for examples, see Caquet et al. 2000, Giddings et al. 2001, and Solomon et al. 2001). The effects of chemicals at the levels of population and community can be tested in mesocosms, although the extent to which such effects can be related to events in the natural environment is questionable. Although mesocosms have been developed by both industrial... 

Section 4.5). Of these, mesocosms have stimulated the greatest interest. In these, replicated and controlled tests can be carried out to establish the effects of chemicals upon the structure and function of the (artihcial) communities they contain. The major problem is relating effects produced in mesocosms to events in the real world (see Crossland 1994). Nevertheless, it can be argued that mesocosms do incorporate certain relationships (e.g., predator/prey) and processes (e.g., carbon cycle) that are found in the outside world, and they test the effects of chemicals on these. Once again, the judicious use of biomarker assays during the course of mesocosm studies may help to relate effects of chemicals measured by them with similar effects in the natural environment. 

Crossland, N.O. (1994). Extrapolation from mesocosms to the real world. Toxicology and Ecotoxicology News 1, 15-22. 

Koziel MG, Beland GL, Bowman C, Carozzi NB, Crenshaw R, Crossland L, Dawson J, Desai N, HUl M, Kadwell S, Launis K, Lewis K, Maddox D, McPherson K, Meghji MR, Merlin E, Rhodes R, Warren GW, Wright M, Evola SV (1993) Nat Biotech 11 194 Herbers K (2003) J Plant Physiol 160 821... 

Richter, D. Crossland, J. (1949). Variation in acetylcholine content of the brain with physiological state. Am. J. Physiol. 159, 247-55. 

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