Cross-subsidization

The underlying reason for the requirement of unbundling of accounts is to avoid discrimination, cross-subsidization and distortion of competition (cf. Art. 13 No. 3). The price of the gas delivered to the user consists of several... 

In these countries, domestic bills are not affected despite an increase in wholesale price levels, and the vertically integrated companies cross-subsidize their retail costs with the profits from the free allocation. In other countries, dominant power generators might anticipate government intervention and thus refrain from passing on C02 opportunity costs to wholesale price levels. 

The analgesic effects of pethidine are detectable about 15 minutes after oral administration, reach a peak in about two hours and subside gradually over several hours. Pethidine is absorbed by all routes of administration, but the rate of absorption is erratic after IM injection. Pethidine crosses the placental barrier. 

That subsidence has not been reported to be a significant problem in this coalfield perhaps reflects the sparsely populated nature of the over-lying countryside. However, given that the UK s main N-S rail and trunk routes cross the coalfield, there has clearly been scope for observable impacts to arise. The lack of reported subsidence... 

Fig. 2.21 An example of a cross-section depicting hundreds of kilometers across a subsidence basin, with stratigraphic units assumed to act as through-flow ducts (the Great Artesian Basin, Australia) (following Seidel, 1980).

Cross-subsidies—in which some individuals effectively subsidize others, through differential pricing of services, for example—represent a third group of subsidies. They are not considered here. 

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