Crops, feedstock

Crystallization of Mesophase. As mentioned above, there exists an approach which selects solvent fractions from pitch materials as being suitable for manufacture of carbon artifacts. This is trial and error molecular engineering. If the selected cropped feedstock is suitable then it is possiblej-... 

Precipitation of Mesophase. If the modified, cropped feedstock is suitable then it is possible -... 

Graham, R.L., English, B.C., Noon, C.E., 2000. A geographic information system-based modeling system for evaluating the cost of delivered energy crop feedstock. Biomass and Bioenergy 18,309-329. 

Walsh, M.E., 2000. Method to estimate bioenergy crop feedstock supply curves. Biomass and Bioenergy 18,283-289. 

The second-generation biofuels (or advanced biofuels) are derived from lignocellu-losic biomass, nonfood crop feedstocks, agricultural and forest residues, and industrial wastes. They are mainly produced through the utilization of physical, thermochemical, and biochemical technologies, usually after a pretreatment stage of the biomass feedstock (Liew et al., 2014). The pretreatment step is a very important step to prepare the biomass properties (e.g., size, moisture, density, etc.) in order to facilitate the conversion processes (Agbor et al., 2011). 

A significant development ia trifluoromethylpyridine synthesis strategy is the use of fluoriaated aUphatic feedstocks for the ring-constmction sequence. Examples iaclude the manufacture of the herbicide dithiopyr, utilising ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetate [372-31-6] CF2COCH2COOC2H (436,437). 2,3-Dichloro-5-trifluoromethylpyridine [69045-84-7], a precursor to several crop-protection chemicals (see Table 15), can be prepared by conversion of l,l,l-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane [354-58-5], CF CCl, to 2,2-dichloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropionaldehyde [82107-24-2], CF2CCI2CHO, followed by cycUzation with acrylonitrile [107-13-1] (415). 

In bioprocesses, the feedstocks required to grow the catalysts and produce the chemical renewable are generally renewable resources, such as sugar from crops. Conversely, purely feedstocks chemical synthesis relies largely on non-renewable resources such as oil, coal and natural gas. It follows that as non-renewable resources dwindle, it is likely that biotechnology will become increasingly important to the chemical industry. 

A source of fly ash particulates is the mineral matter in the biomass feedstock. As material is gasified, the inorganic matter from the feedstock may be either retained in the gasifier bed or entrained in the product gas and swept out from the reactor. The mineral concentrations in clean wood are typically 1 to 2%, and herbaceous crops may contain up to 10% or more. Crop residues such as straw or rice hulls typically contain 15 to 20% inorganic material. Mineral matter... 

Sulfur in the biomass feedstock can be converted to hydrogen sulfide or sulfur oxides during gasification. Wood typically contains less than 0.1% sulfur by weight, and herbaceous crops may contain 0.3 to 0.4%. Some feedstocks such as refuse-derived fuel (RDF) may contain 1% or more, approximately the same as bituminous coal. As a result of the low levels of sulfur in the biomass, the concentrations of H2S and SOx levels in the product gases are below those requiring cleanup in most applications. 

Gasification coupled with water-gas shift is the most widely practiced process route for biomass to hydrogen. Thermal, steam, and partial oxidation gasification technologies are under development. Feedstocks include both dedicated crops and agricultural and forest product residues of hardwood, softwood, and herbaceous species. 

According to Bassam (1998) who provided a well-established definition, energy crops are those annual and perennial plant species that can be cultivated to produce solid, liquid or gaseous energy feedstock. The organic residues and... 

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