Create first, criticize later

There were two obstacles that antibody therapies had to overcome to get into the clinic. First, a production method would be needed to produce and purify antibodies on a massive scale. This has largely been accomplished by creating hybridoma cell lines able to grow to high density, in serum-free conditions, and other necessities critical for commercial production. Second, non-human antibodies will illicit an inunune response regardless of the epitope. Therefore, antibodies needed to be produced by a rodent, but appear human to our inunune system. Molecular biology techniques were used to create chimeric and later fully humanized antibodies, the distinction is characterized by the ratio of mouse and human DNA. 

Unlike fast reactors that operate on the criticality principle where the nuclear reaction is sustained, ADS systems are subcritical. When the proton beam is off in an ADS, no neutrons are created and no nuclear reaction occurs. An often overlooked key component of an ADS is the supporting chemical processing plant. Within the plant, separation processes are used to first partition the spent fuel to obtain the waste material that is introduced into the ADS and then later to support multiple recycle, fuel fabrication, and finally the production of the final waste forms acceptable to a geologic repository. All of these activities are crucial to the success of transmutation using ADS and considerable R D is needed to make this a reality. 

---