Cramer

Cramer C J and Truhlar D G 1996 Continuum solvation models Solvent Effects and Ohemical Reactivity ed O Tapia and J Bertran (Dordrecht Kluwer) pp 1-80... 

Cramer W A and Knaff D B 1990 Energy Transduction in Biological Membranes (New York Springer)... 

The GB equation is suitable for the description of solvent effects in molecular mechanics and dynamics [16], as well as in quantum mechanical calculations (17,18]. An excellent review of implicit solvation models, with more than 900 references, is given by Cramer and Truhlar [19]. 

C. J. Cramer, Essentials of Computational Chemistry, >3t iley. New York, 2002. 

The generalised Born equation has been incorporated into both molecular mechan calculations (by Still and co-workers [Still et al. 1990 Qiu et al. 1997]) and semi-empiri quantum mechanics calculations (by Cramer and Truhlar, in an ongoing series of mod called SMI, SM2, SM3, etc. [Cramer and Truhlar 1992 Chambers et al. 1996]). In th( Ireafirients, the two terms in Equation (11.61) are combined into a single expression of 1 following form ... 

Cramer C J and Truhlar D G 1995. Continuum Solvation Models Classical and Quantum Mechanical Implementations. In Lipkowitz K B and D B Boyd (Editors) Reviews in Computational Chemistry Volume 6. New York, VCH Publishers, pp. 1-72. 

Barrows S E, J W Storer, C J Cramer, A D French and D G Truhlar 1998. Factors Controlli Relative Stability of Anomers and Hydroxymethyl Conformers of Glucopyranose. Journal Computational Chemistry 19 1111-1129. 

Chambers C C, G D Hawkins, C J Cramer and D G Tmlilar 1996. Model for Aqueous Solvation Ba sed on Class IC Atomic Charges and First Solvation Shell Effects. Journal of Physical Chemistry 100 16385-16398. 

Cramer C j and D G Truhlar 1992. AM1-SM2 and PM3-SM3 Parametrized SCF Solvation Models for Free Energies in Aqueous Solution. Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 6 629-666. 

Cramer R D III, D E Patterson and J D Bunce 1988, Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA). Effect of Shape on Binding of Steroids to Carrier Proteins. Journal of the American Chemical Societ 110 5959-5967. 

By Cramer s rule, each solution of Eqs. (2-44) is given as the ratio of determinants... 

Solving the normal equations by Cramer s rule leads to the solution set in determinantal fomi... 

One very popular technique is an adaptation of the Born model for orbital-based calculations by Cramer and Truhlar, et. al. Their solvation methods (denoted SMI, SM2, and so on) are designed for use with the semiempirical and ah initio methods. Some of the most recent of these methods have a few parameters that can be adjusted by the user in order to customize the method for a specific solvent. Such methods are designed to predict ACsoiv and the geometry in solution. They have been included in a number of popular software packages including the AMSOL program, which is a derivative of AMPAC created by Cramer and Truhlar. 

TABLE 24.1 Cramer and Truhlar Seinieinpirical Solvation Methods... 

Sandarac [9000-57-1] Sandblasting Sand casting Sand cores Sander Cramer test Sandimmun(e) Sand-lime brick Sand mills Sandofan... 

W. J. North, ed.. The Biology of Giant Kelp Beds (Macroystis) in California, Cramer, Lehre, Germany, 1971, p. 12. 

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