Coupling tetrakis palladium

Because the Sonogashira coupling process outlined in Scheme 18 is initiated by the in situ reduction of palladium(n) to palladium(o), it would be expected that palladium(o) catalysts could be utilized directly. Indeed, a catalytic amount of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-... 

Benzy 1-6-chloropurine reacts with tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium in DCE to give, not only the 6-purinylpalladium(Il) complex 102, but a dinuclear complex 103. Using Stille coupling (RSnBus) only the 6-substituted purine is obtained <96ACS462>. 

In 1988, Linstrumelle and Huynh used an all-palladium route to construct PAM 4 [21]. Reaction of 1,2-dibromobenzene with 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol in triethylamine at 60 °C afforded the monosubstituted product in 63 % yield along with 3% of the disubstituted material (Scheme 6). Alcohol 15 was then treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium-copper(I) iodide catalysts under phase-transfer conditions, generating the terminal phenylacetylene in situ, which cyclotrimerized in 36% yield. Although there was no mention of the formation of higher cyclooligomers, it is likely that this reaction did produce these larger species, as is typically seen in Stephens-Castro coupling reactions [22]. 

The Suzuki-Miyaura synthesis is one of the most commonly used methods for the formation of carbon-to-carbon bonds [7]. As a palladium catalyst typically tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) has been used, giving yields of44—78%. Recently, Suzuki coupling between aryl halides and phenylboronic acid with efficient catalysis by palladacycles was reported to give yields of 83%. 

Bromobenzaldehyde and 4-fluorophenylboronic acid were coupled in DMF using tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) as catalyst [85] (see a more extended description in [42]). 

The synthesis of the second Stille coupling partner 34 was efficiently achieved in three steps. First, 2-bromojuglone (36) [28] was protected as its methoxymethyl ether (46, Scheme 3.7). The quinone was reduced using sodium thiosulfate, and the resulting hydroquinone was protected with methoxymethyl chloride to afford the arene 47. Finally, stannylation using tetrakis-(triphenylphosphine)palladium and hexabutylditin [29] afforded the cross-coupling partner 34 in high yield. 

Diynes.1 In the presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), (Z)-l,2-dichloroethylene couples with a terminal alkyne to form a (Z)-chloroenyne, which undergoes anti-elimination of HC1 to give a 1,3-diyne on treatment with Bu4NF. 

Various intermolecular coupling reactions involving acetylene hydrocarbons have been reported to lead to vinylallenes. For example, 1-phenylpropyne (93), after activation with Hg(II) chloride, is first metalated by butyllithium treatment, then trans-metalated with zinc bromide and finally coupled with 1-iodo-l-phenylethene (94) in the presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium to provide the diphenylvinyl-allene 95 in moderate yield (Scheme 5.12) [31]. 

The procedure described here incorporates a number of modifications to the Suzuki coupling that result in a sound, efficient and scaleable means of synthesizing biaryls. First, the catalytic use of palladium acetate and triphenylphosphine to generate palladium(O) eliminates the need for the expensive air and light sensitive tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0). No purification of reagents is necessary, no special apparatus is required, and rigorous exclusion of air from the reaction mixture is not necessary. Furthermore, homo-coupled products are not present in significant levels (as determined by 500 MHz 1H NMR). 

The iodo benzamide derivative of pyrrolo[2,l-c][l,4]benzodiazepine 367 (R = I, Scheme 75, Section 5.1.1) reacts with bis(tributyl)tin, lithium chloride and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(O) in refluxing dioxane to yield the stannyl derivative 370. The latter couples with substituted aryl bromides in the presence of... 

Trialkylstannyl groups can also be replaced by reactive electrophiles in certain cases, but most commonly stannylated azaheterocycles are employed in palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions [85PAC1771 86AG(E)508 92S413]. For example, trimethylstannylpyridines can be reacted with bromopyridines in the presence of catalytic amounts of tetrakis-(triphenylphosphine)palladium to give a variety of different bipyridines (Scheme 158)(86S564). 

Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium catalyzes coupling of alkenyl halides with... 

Poly(pyrido[3,4- ]pyrazine vinylene) 693 has been synthesized via condensation of 3,4-diamino-2,5-dibtomopyridine 691 with l,2-bis[3-(2 -ethylhexyloxy)phenyl]-ethane-l,2-dione 692 followed by coupling with l,2-bis(tri- -butyl-stannyl)ethylene in DMF at 110°C in the presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium. The vinylene polymer 693 showed improved stability toward photooxidation compared with similar polymers with purely aliphatic side chains and also had smaller band gaps (Equation 58) <2002SM(131)53>. 

Polymers were prepared using Suzuki cross coupling with tetrakis triphenylphosphine palladium (0). 

The scope of the Negishi-coupling is not limited to aryl and vinyl halides and sometimes acyl chlorides might also be converted to ketones by this protocol. The 2,3-dihalopyrrole derivative shown in 6.22. was converted into its 2-lithio derivative by selective lithium-halogen exchange at -78 °C. Addition of zinc chloride effected the formation of the appropriate pyrrolylzinc chloride, which was coupled with a functionalised butyroyl chloride in the presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphino)palladium and furnished the expected 2-acylpyrrole in 61% yield.27... 

Diazines (pyridazines, pyrimidines and pyrazines) undergo crosscoupling more readily than pyridines, due to the electron deficient nature of the heterocyclic ring. 4-Bromopyridazines bearing electron donating substituents in position 3 were found to couple readily with arylboronic acids in the presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphane) palladium (7.10.).15... 

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