Coupled Energy Forms

The coupled energy states in RS coupling are called multiplets and are described by spectral terms of the form 2,s + X, where 25+1 is the spin multiplicity and S is the total spin quantum number. 

Hamilton s equations form a set of coupled first-order differential equar tions which under normal conditions can be numerically integrated without any problems. The forces —dVi/dR and —dVi/dr and the torque —dVj/d7, which reflect the coordinate dependence of the interaction potential, control the coupling between the translational (R,P), the vibrational (r,p), and the rotational (7,j) degrees of freedom. Due to this coupling energy can flow between the various modes. The translational mode becomes decoupled from the internal motion of the diatomic fragment (i.e., dP/dt = 0 and dR/dt =constant) when the interaction potential diminishes in the limit R — 00. As a consequence, the translational energy... 

The reactivity of ROO radicals parallels that of HOO-, and is essentially equivalent because its bond energy (ROO-H -AGbf, 83kcalmoD ) is the same as that for the HOO-H bond (-AGbf, 82kcalmoC ). However, the head-to-tail mechanism for the disproportionation of HOO- (via H-atom transfer, equation 99) is not possible. Instead, ROO radicals dimerize via radical-radical coupling to form a dialkyl tetraoxide (equation 101). ... 

Chain initiation occurs when two monomer radicals are coupled to form a dimer biradical and proceeds further." This is an endothermic reaction requiring a heat of formation of 16 kcal/mol. Because of energetic concerns, chain initiation is unlikely to happen in the gas phase at low pressure. When the monomers are adsorbed onto the surface of the substrate, it is believed that, the high local concentration of monomers promotes the formation of biradicals assisted by van der waals forces. Models developed for vapor deposition polymerization of parylene-N indicate that initiation is a third order reaction with an activation energy of 24.8 kcal/mol. 

In Pidcara s model, the dipolar molecule under consideration and its nearest neighbour momentarily form an aggregate, with the partners in nearly parallel or nearly antiparalld mutual orientation, according to the structure of the molecule. The coupling energy of such a pair of dipoles is written in the following approximate form ... 

The respiration-coupled energy conservation in form of ATP is usually the most important mitochondrial function. In the aerobic cell, phosphorylating respiration is responsible, as a rule, for production of 90-95 % of the total ATP amount, the rest being synthesized by glycolytic phosphorylation. All the ATP synthesized fix>m ADP and inorganic phosphate is hydrolyzed back to ADP and phosphate to support the energy-consuming processes in the same cell. The adult human forms and decomposes as much as about 40 kg ATP per day [1]. 

The reason that K(lSa, Is ) contributes so heavily to the lowering of the energy as the two H atoms approach is that the spins of the two electrons making up the bond are coupled to form a net spin of zero. If the spins are antiparallel, as in the state, K(ls, ISb) is multiplied by a factor of (— 1) and consequently gives rise instead to a repulsive state. 

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