Countercurrent chromatography instruments

Ito, Y., W.D. Conway, and Y. Ato, Editors High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography (Chemical Analysis. Vol. 132) John Wiley Sons, New York, NY, 1995. Kenneth, W.W., R,E Davis, and PM. Larry General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis, 6th Edition, Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, PA, 1999. Kohlmann, F. Electrical Conductivity Measurements, in Process/lndustrial Instruments Controls Handbook, D.M. Considine, Editor, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1993. 

Countercurrent chromatography can be used to extract and to concentrate, in a low volume of stationary phase, a component present in large volumes of mobile phase. It was shown that a 60-mL CCC instrument was able to extract 285 mg of a nonionic surfactant contained in 20 L of water (at 16.5 ppm or mg/L) and to concentrate it into 30 mL of ethyl acetate (at 9500 ppm or 9.5 g/L) [4]. 

Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a support-free liquid-liquid partition system in which solutes are partitioned between the mobile and stationary phases in an open-column space. The instrumentation, therefore, requires a unique approach for achieving both retention of the stationary phase and high partition efficiency in the absence of a solid support. A variety of existing CCC systems may be divided into two classes [1] (i.e., hydrostatic and hydrodynamic equilibrium systems). The principle of each system may be illustrated by a simple coil as shown in Fig. 1. 

High-speed countercurrent instruments became commercially available around 1980 and have overcome all of the drawbacks of these earlier instruments. They make countercurrent chromatography a useful means of achieving delicate separations on the milligram-to-gram scale in a few hours. This chapter offers the reader a primer in the use of this technique for separations in natural product isolations. 

See also Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Interferences and Background Correction. Atomic Emission Spectrometry Principles and Instrumentation Interferences and Background Correction Flame Photometry Inductively Coupled Plasma Microwave-Induced Plasma. Atomic Mass Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma Laser Microprobe. Countercurrent Chromatography Solvent Extraction with a Helical Column. Derivatization of Analytes. Elemental Speciation Overview Practicalities and Instrumentation. Extraction Solvent Extraction Principles Solvent Extraction Multistage Countercurrent Distribution Microwave-Assisted Solvent Extraction Pressurized Fluid Extraction Solid-Phase Extraction Solid-Phase Microextraction. Gas Chromatography Ovenriew. Isotope Dilution Analysis. Liquid Chromatography Ovenriew. 

Fig. 1 Countercurrent chromatography columns, a. The hydrostatic Armen Elite CPC12L with two 6 L rotors. The inset shows the small Elite CPC250 (0.25 L column) (http //www.armen-instrument.com and Table 1) b, The hydrodynamic Maxi 5 L column. Pr. Ian Sutherland (Brunei University, Uxbridge, U.K.) poses inside the rotor to give the scale. The inset shows the Spectrum 20 ml column (http //www.dynamicextractions.com and Table 1).

Ito, Y. Principle and instrumentation of countercurrent chromatography. In Countercurrent Chromatography Theory and Practice-, Ito, Y., Mandava, N.B., Eds. Marcel Dekker New York, 1988 79-442. 

Fig. 2 Cross-sectional view of seal-free slow rotary countercurrent chromatography (SRCCC) instrument equipped with a large convoluted multilayer coil.

Source From Principles and instrumentation of CCC, in Countercurrent Chromatography-Theory and Practice. ... 

---