Counter pressure filling

The process above forms the basis of counter-pressure filling of carbonated liquids into a container. To achieve gravity filling the pressure within the filling... 

The manufacture of products, e.g. containers and lids, made from filled foamed PE by gas counter pressure injection moulding was studied with special reference to the effect of production conditions on dimensional stability. Results obtained are discussed and evaluated. 7 refs. 

One popular misconception concerns the counter-pressure filler. It is often stated that the overpressure of gas in the filler bowl pushes the product into the container, but this is not the case. Once the valve is open the pressures in the bottle and the filler bowl equilibrate and product is filled by gravity. (Note a counter-pressure filler is usually used for carbonated beverages but it can successfully fill still products with an inert overpressure.)... 

Fig. 2-4. Mean pulse height versus quantum energy, to illustrate pulse-height selection of characteristic lines. Side window tube, 3-in. diameter 0.005-in. wire operating at 1275 v filled with argon plus 10% ethylene total pressure, 15 cm of mercury (proportional counter) gain, 3.5 X 104. (After Friedman, Birks, and Brooks, A STM Spec. Tech. Publ., No. 157, page 3. Copyright 1954. American Society for Testing Materials.)...

In these gas-flow proportional counters, the windows are exceedingly thin, fragile,. and unavoidably leaky. Such a window is satisfactory only if a steady flow of. the filling gas is maintained at minimum pressure differential against the helium atmosphere in the optical path. The purging of impurities from the counter is an incidental benefit derived from the gas flow. Hendee, Fine, and Brown20 look upon the gas-flow proportional counter as a steppingstone on the road toward a windowless counter. 

Geiger-Mtfller Counter or Tube. A common form of nuclear radiation detector, also serving for measuring the intensity of radiation such as of X-rays, y-rays, etc. It is particularly suitable for monochromatic beams. The device usually consists of a tubular cathode with a coaxial center wire anode, filled with a gas (such as argon plus oxygen or argon plus hydrogen) at less than arm pressure. 

The inner counter cylinder, made of metallized Mylar foil, is leak-tight relative to the outer counter. By means of two solenoid valves actuated by a differential mercury manometer, the outer and inner counters can be filled separately with a pressure differential on the partitioning foil of less than 0.5 cm. Hg. This pressure controller minimizes the danger of rupturing the partition. Two control circuit diagrams are shown in Figure 3. Figure 3A shows the mercury tube with electrical... 

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