Counter factor, defined

Finally, intraparticle diffusion appears to be an important factor in adsorption kinetics for many types of systems. In the past it has been customary to define such mass transfer quantitatively in terms of an effective diffusivity. However, even in gas-solid systems more than one process can be involved for porous particles. Thus, two-dimensional migration on the pore surface, surface diffusion, is a potential contribution. Liquid systems appear to be more complex, and, with electrolytes, it has been shown that the electric potential induced by counter-diffusing ions should be taken into account. A realistic description of intraparticle mass transfer in such cases requires more than a single rate coefficient for a binary system. 

The equilibrium in equation (94) is generally defined as a mass-distribution ratio such as that shown above for cation-exchange resins (equation 93), and the position of the equilibrium is determined by the relative Concentration of the counter-ion ML/- and the co-ion X-. The nature of the quaternary amine has little effect on the equilibrium properties of the resin, and the chemistry of metal complex formation in aqueous solution is the dominant factor. 

Essential to reporting amounts of radioactivity in samples is the ability of the radiochemist to convert observed quantities of radioactivity (e.g., count per second) to an absolute scale (e.g., disintegration per second). When the sample radioactivity is measured with a radiation counter, the factor that converts the observed count rate to the absolute scale is the counting efficiency. The counting efficiency is defined as the ratio of the net count rate to the disintegration rate. 

The counting efficiency of a GM counter for detecting p-rays is defined as the ratio of the count rate to P-activity of the source. Thus, the counting efficiency is one of the most important factors to determine the characteristics of the detector. 

An extensive experimental programme has been carried out with the aim of precisely defining the values of the different control rods and their interaction effects. The measurements have been performed with the reactor in a sub-critical state by using counters placed at the centre of the reactor and at 3 different locations under the reactor vessel. The responses of these last 3 counters were amplified by neutron guides. This type of sub-critical measurement requires correction factors to account for the fact that the counters see a different perturbation depending on their position in the reactor. These correction factors have been calculated using different methods and data and show no dispersion in their results and so these corrections have therefore not been recalculated. 

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