Coulombic forces charges

Debye-Hiickel theory The activity coefficient of an electrolyte depends markedly upon concentration. Jn dilute solutions, due to the Coulombic forces of attraction and repulsion, the ions tend to surround themselves with an atmosphere of oppositely charged ions. Debye and Hiickel showed that it was possible to explain the abnormal activity coefficients at least for very dilute solutions of electrolytes. 

The discrepancy is not large and the last term is zero for a system without net charge. Thus we see that the use of a shifted Coulomb force is equivalent to a tin-foil reaction field and almost equivalent to a tin-foil Born condition. 

Conductivity curves (A versus c ) of salts in solvents of low-permittivity commonly show a weakly temperature-dependent minimum around 0.02 molL-1 followed by a strongly temperature-dependent maximum at about 1 mol L 1. According to Fuoss and Kraus [101,102] the increase of conductivity behind the minimum is due to the formation of new charge carriers from the ion pairs. They assume that coulombic forces suffice to form bilateral cationic [C+A-C+] and anionic [A C+A ] triple ions in solvents of low-permittivity ( <15) if the ions have approximately equal radii. 

The inner layer (closest to the electrode), known as the inner Helmholtz plane (IHP), contains solvent molecules and specifically adsorbed ions (which are not hilly solvated). It is defined by the locus of points for the specifically adsorbed ions. The next layer, the outer Helmholtz plane (OHP), reflects the imaginary plane passing through the center of solvated ions at then closest approach to the surface. The solvated ions are nonspecifically adsorbed and are attracted to the surface by long-range coulombic forces. Both Helmholtz layers represent the compact layer. Such a compact layer of charges is strongly held by the electrode and can survive even when the electrode is pulled out of the solution. The Helmholtz model does not take into account the thermal motion of ions, which loosens them from the compact layer. 

The most frequent type of interaction between solid and species in solution would be electrostatic adsorption (ion exchange), due to the action of attractive coulomb forces between charged particles in solution and the solid surfaces. This process would also be concentration dependent. 

Electrical or Coulomb force results from the interactions between charged particles. For two charges and q2... 

The coulombic force is proportional to the square of the effective charge on the polyion, i.e. n], (The effective charge is equivalent to the number of free counterions, ,.) When the charge along the polyion, Q, is small the extensive forces involved are those of purely coulombic repulsion. 

Repulsive coulombic forces exist between charged polyions. These are attenuated by the bound counterions conversely they are stronger for polyions having a higher concentration of free counterions. When the charge along the polyion, Q, is small the forces involved are purely coulombic repulsion forces. However, when Q exceeds a certain value, counterions condense on the polyions and reduce the repulsive forces. 

Ion binding reduces the repulsive forces between the charged groups on the polyanion but, unless the counterions are site-bound, the repulsive osmotic forces are not affected. At full neutralization the coulombic forces along the polymer chain become zero. However, the polymer does not contract, because the osmotic forces remain unless, of course, all the cations become site-bound. (Of course, in the case of a free weak acid the concentration of mobile hydrogen ions is very small and the polymer adopts a compact form.)... 

Atoms are observed to have magnetic moments. To understand how an electron circulating about a nuclear core can give rise to a magnetic moment, we may apply classical theory. We consider an electron of mass me and charge —e bound to a fixed nucleus of charge Ze by a central coulombic force F(r) with potential V(r)... 

Charge-transfer from ketone to olefin would only increase the propensity toward a concerted reaction, since the interaction of a positively charged carbonyl compound for a negatively-charged olefin would give rise to an attractive Coulombic force. For the orientation problem, total jr-charges after CT are shown in structure 6, with the resultant molecular... 

Molecular interferences can be completely eliminated by exploiting the fact that multiply charged molecules fragment with 100 percent probability, because of the internal coulomb forces, when several electrons are removed [1]. 

In 1923, Debye and Hiickel published their famous papers describing a method for calculating activity coefficients in electrolyte solutions. They assumed that ions behave as spheres with charges located at their center points. The ions interact with each other by coulombic forces. Robinson and Stokes (1968) present their derivation, and the papers are available (Interscience Publishers, 1954) in English translation. 

Since the early days of Faraday and Arrhenius, electrolytic solutions have provided a most challenging field for both the experimental and the theoretical physico-chemist. In particular, the long range of the Coulomb forces between the electric charges located on the ions gives rise to highly non-trivial effects on the equilibrium and transport properties of electrolytes. 

Let us suppose provisionally that we have a system of N point charges interacting through Coulombic forces ... 

Under global charge neutrality condition, assuming that the effect of Coulomb forces and the surface tension is small, one can construct a mixed phase composed of positive charged 2SC phase and negative charged normal quark matter. 

It is appropriate to point out here just why it is not valid to assume (as is commonly done) that throughout the propagation step a paired cation will remain paired and that the resulting newly formed carbenium ion will therefore start its life paired (see, e.g., Mayr et al. [13]). On the contrary, if we follow the assumption made by the founders of Transition State Theory that the transition state can be treated as a thermodynamically stable species, it follows that because in the transition state the positive charge is less concentrated than in the ground state and because therefore the Coulombic force holding... 

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