Costs, ADRs

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) cost approximately one hundred and thirty nine billion dollars annually 2—4 in the United States. This number is larger than the... 

Tax-law changes put into effect with the 1981 Economic Recovery Act and modified in 1986 have instituted a new system of depreciation known as the Accelerated Cost Recovery System (ACRS). The latter has replaced the former ADR system for most tangible depreciable property used in a trade or business placed in service on or after January 1, 1981. In the ACRS [or Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS) which went into effect for property put into service on or after January 1, 19871, the recovery of capital costs as depreciation was determined over statutory periods of time using statutory percentages depending on the class life of the property and the number of years since the property was placed in service. The statutory periods of time were generally shorter than the useful life of the asset or the period for which it was used to produce income. 

The statutory class lives for the Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System are as follows where the key factor is the ADR (Asset Depreciation Range) midpoint designation, which corresponds in general to the asset guideline period shown in Table 2 ... 

Description of class life asset Asset depreciation range (ADR) (in years) Asset guideline Lower period Dppcr limit (Midpoint) limit Annual asset guideline repair allowance, percentage of cost... 

Acquisition analysis, 329-336 ACRS, 273, 276, 286-290 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, 436 Administrative costs, 194-196, 206-207, ADR, 273-276 Agitators, cost of, 540 Ah ... 

The frequency of ADRs in the general population is unknown. However, the reported rates of new occurrences for ADRs are noted for selected patient populations. A meta-analysis of 39 prospective studies reported an overall incidence of serious ADRs in hospitalized patients of 6.7% and of fatal ADRs of 0.32% . The fatality rate makes ADRs the fourth to sixth leading cause of death in the United States. Another meta-analysis of 36 studies indicated that approximately 5% of hospital admissions are due to ADRs. The costs of ADRs are estimated to be 1.56- 4 billion in direct hospital costs per year in the United States. ... 

ADRs are also a concern because of the associated costs, primarily related to hospitalization. ADRs increase length of stay and risk of mortality, which overall increase costs of the ADR treatment. The elderly with ADRs also visit their physician more frequently than elderly patients who are not experiencing ADRs. The elderly patient may not bring up concerns with healthcare professionals and may go on to accept the ADR as a part of normal treatment. The incidence of ADR therefore may be significantly rmderreported in the elderly population. 

To describe and evaluate dosing intervention program for imipenem OA Pre/post None ADRs, DCA Decreased number of seizure episodes cost savings due to dosage change Retrospective chart review... 

UACH ° To evaluate impact OA of antibiotic therapeutic interchange program Target drug programs Acid-reduction therapy Pre/post None Efficacy indicators, ADRs, DCA Decreased cost of daily antibiotic therapy in study group Input costs not considered... 

Uj [i07j evaluate impact of H2RA program on cost and quality of patient care Target drug programs NSAIDs OA Pre/post None Patient outcome, ADRs, drug interactions, DCA Decreased cost but preserved quality Input costs not considered... 

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