Cortical dysplasia

F. Andermann, and D.L. Arnold. 2001. Texture analysis and morphological processing of magnetic resonance imaging assist detection of focal cortical dysplasia in extra-temporal partial epilepsy. Ann. Neurol. 49 770-775. 

Sisodiya, S.M. et al. (2001) Multidrug-resistance protein 1 in focal cortical dysplasia. Lancet, 357 (9249), 42-43. 

Aronica, E. et al. (2003) Expression and cellular distribution of multidrug transporter proteins in two major causes of medically intractable epilepsy focal cortical dysplasia and glioneuronal tumors. Neuroscience, 118 (2), 417-429. 

Cortical dysplasia consists of disrupted cortical architecture and abnormally enlarged cells, some with IFIC staining of neurons, some with GFAP-positive astrocytes, and some individual cells that stain for both glial and neuronal markers.Cortical tubers, seen with tuberous sclerosis, are cortical dysplasias. Other dys-plastic abnormalities are described in the Neuronal Tumors section earlier in this chapter. 

Tuberous sclerosis Hypopigmentated macules, adenoma sebaceum, retinal and brain tumors, seizures, mental retardation Renal angiomyolipomas (40-80%), renal dysplasia, cortical cysts, renal vascular anomalies, renal cell carcinomas, polycystic kidney disease AD (191100) new mutations in about 85% of cases, variable expressivity, incomplete penetrance TSCl, TSC2 and further gene loci... 

Renal angiomyoliposmas (40-80%), renal dysplasia, cortical cysts, renal vascular anomalies, renal cell carcinomas, polycystic kidney disease... 

Fig. 23.2. Sonography renal dysplasia with cortical cysts and a dilated renal pelvis in prune-belly syndrome...

Nephromegaly, renal dysplasia, cortical hamartomas, hydronephrosis Facial dysmor- Macrosomia, Macrosomia, Hematologic Growth... 

Fig. 27.3. Neonatal US in ureteropelvic obstruction with moderate renal pelvic dilatation. Increased echogenicity and cortical cysts indicate severe obstructive dysplasia and poor renal function...

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