Corner-crossing

The fifth type of tap is unique in that the downstream tap location varies depending of the orifice P ratio. This tap is located at the vena contracta the location where the stream issuing from the orifice attains its minimum cross section. The location of this tap is defined from the upstream face of the orifice as is the D/2 tap. The downstream tap for corner, flange, and pipe taps is measured from the downstream face of the orifice. Vena contracta taps maximize the measured differential pressure. For modem transmitters this is not an important consideration and this type of tap is no longer widely used. 

Secondary flows also occur in channels that have a noncircular cross section, but are otherwise straight. In these cases the secondary flows are directed outward into the corners and return along the waHs. 

A considerable reduction in stress concentration could be achieved by using a cross-bore which is eUiptical in cross-section, provided the major axis of the eUipse is normal to the axis of the main cylinder. A more practical method of achieving the same effect is to have an offset radial hole whose axis is parallel to a radius but not coincident with it (97,98). Whenever possible the sharp edges at the intersection of the main bore with the cross bore are removed and smooth rounded corners produced so as to reduce the stress raising effects. 

The crystal stmcture of ramsdeUite [12032-73-4] is similar to that of P Mn02 except that double chains of MnO octahedra are cross-Unked to adjacent double chains through the sharing of oxygen atoms located at the corners. RamsdeUite and pyrolusite are the only manganese dioxide phases where the composition approaches the stoichiometric Mn02 formula. Heating ramsdeUite to 250°C transforms it to pyrolusite. 

In the soldedess wrap (Fig. 3) or wire-wrap connection, a wire conductor is coiled around the back end of the separable contact, which has a square or rectangular cross section (4). The corners of the soldedess wrap post and the areas of the wire that are in contact with it are severely deformed. In a propedy made wrap, the force required to sHde the wire along the post exceeds the breaking strength of the wire. The method is suitable only for soHd wire, and special tools are used to make this connection. 

Physically the cutting-corner trajectory implies that the particle crosses the barrier suddenly on the time scale of the slow -vibration period. In the literature this approximation is usually called sudden , frozen bath and fast flip approximation, or large curvature case. In the opposite case of small curvature (also called adiabatic and slow flip approximation), coj/coo < sin tp, which is relevant for transfer of fairly heavy masses, the MEP may be taken to a good accuracy to be the reaction path. 

Fig. 10. A SEM micrograph of the cross-section of the deposited rod synthesized by the glow discharge shows an image of 1/4 of the cross-section of the deposited rod upper left corner of the image corresponds to the center of the end of the deposited rod.

Figure 5. Grid of a lead-acid battery with thicker walls and a rectangular mesh. One corner and cross-sections in vertical and horizontal directions (from 1151).

Fig. 4.—The structure of topaz. The layers are to be superposed in the order abed, with d uppermost. The crosses are the traces of the corners of the unit of structure in the plane of the paper. Large circles represent oxygen, large double circles fluorine, small open circles aluminum, and small solid circles silicon ions.

Fig. 24. (continued)—(b) An axial projection of the unit cell contents. The double helix at each corner can be either up- or down-pointing," in terms of the X-ray data. All are, however, up in this diagram so that a calcium ion (crossed circle) is connected to the sulfate groups in three surrounding... 

In air-water flow the different flow patterns occur simultaneously in different micro-channels. Although the gas core may occupy almost the entire cross-section of the triangular channel, making the side walls partially dry, the liquid phase always remained continuous due to the fact that the liquid was drawn into the triangular corners by surface tension. 

The convective and nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient was the subject of experiments by Grohmann (2005). The measurements were performed in microtubes of 250 and 500 pm in diameter. The nucleate boiling metastable flow regimes were observed. Heat transfer characteristics at the nucleate and convective boiling in micro-channels with different cross-sections were studied by Yen et al. (2006). Two types of micro-channels were tested a circular micro-tube with a 210 pm diameter, and a square micro-channel with a 214 pm hydraulic diameter. The heat transfer coefficient was higher for the square micro-channel because the corners acted as effective nucleation sites. 

Cornering stiffness (N/rad) 45,000 Tire cross-section ratio 0.6... 

Fig. 17. Total differential cross-section for the F + HD — HF + D reaction in the low energy region, (a) shows the experimental results while (b) presents QM. A prominent ridge circumventing the upper corner appears in both experimental and theoretical...

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