Electronic journals copyright

Berry talked about the pressing problem of databases and the laws protecting the data, especially in the European Union. The European Union database directive created a specific new kind of protection for databases that is more protective than even a copyright. As a result, a number of privately owned and distributed databases in Europe have been created, many of which are very expensive. There was one attempt in the United States to protect satellite data in this way. That idea failed because no one in space science could afford the data. There is an ongoing battle in Congress about whether to enact a law comparable to the one in Europe, Berry said. However, most scientific data are the kind of raw data that can be copyrighted. The Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, for example, is copyrighted because it contains evaluated data. Berry doubted whether truly raw data still exists from scientific experiments. When we do an experiment in my lab, we do not simply collect the electrical impulses that detectors find and print those out or put them directly onto some electronic record, Berry said. 

Umrath, W. Cooling bath for rapid freezing in electron microscopy. Journal of Microscopy, Vol. 101, Pt 1, p. 103-105, 1974. Copyright 1974, Blackwell Scienticfic Publications Ltd, Oxford, UK... 

Figure 46. Electron micrograph of a Rec-A-protein-coated catenane produced by Tn3 resol vase, shadowed at an angle of 7° with carbon platinum. The scale bar equals 1000 A (120). (Reproduced by kind permission from Nature, Vol. 304, 559. Copyright 1983 by Macmillan Journals, Ltd.)...

Scanning electron micrographs, at different magnifications, of a 3M Company Pt-coated thin film catalyst. (Reprinted from M. K. Debe et al.. Journal of Power Sources, 161, 1002. Copyright 2006, with permission from Elsevier.)... 

Figure B.2 Symmetric large-angle (113)(TlO] tilt boundary in A1 viewed along the [110] tilt axis by high-resolution electron microscopy. The tilt angle is 50.48°. The inset shows a simulated image [4], Reprinted, by permission, from K.L. Merkle, L.J. Thompson, and F. Phillipp, Thermally activated step motion observed by high-resolution electron microscopy at a (113) symmetric tilt grain-boundary in aluminum," Philosophical Magazine Letters, vol. 82. pp. 589-597. Copyright (c) 2002 by Taylor and Francis Ltd., http //www.tandf.co.uk/journals.

Figure 13.2 MDGC-ECD chromatograms of PCB fractions from sediment samples, demonstrating the separation of the enantiomers of (a) PCB 95, (b) PCB 132, and (c) PCB 149 non-labelled peaks were not identified. Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography, A 723, A. Glausch et al., Enantioselective analysis of chiral polychlorinated biphenyls in sediment samples by multidimensional gas chromatography-electron-capture detection after steam distillation-solvent extraction and sulfur removal , pp. 399-404, copyright 1996, with permission from Elsevier Science.

Brauner and Briggs, 1986). Reprinted from Journal of Physics B19, Brauner and Briggs, Ionization to the projectile continuum by positron and electron collisions with neutral atoms, L325-L330, copyright 1986, with permission from IOP Publishing. 

Fig. 5.17. Ratio of the cross sections for double ionization and single ionization, for positrons, electrons, protons and antiprotons on helium gas. The positron data ( ) are shown explicitly. The broken line is the ratio of ratios as defined by equation (5.15). Reprinted from Journal of Physics B21, Charlton et at., Positron and electron impact double ionization of helium, L545-L549, copyright 1988, with permission from IOP Publishing.

Fig. 5.18. Schematic illustration of the apparatus developed by Kover and coworkers for studies of positron-impact differential ionization cross sections. Reprinted from Journal of Physics B26, Kover, Laricchia and Charlton, Ionization by positrons and electrons at 0°, L575-L580, copyright 1993, with permission from IOP Publishing.

Fig. 7. Electron spin resonance spectra of potassium, rubidium, and cesium in (a) methylamine, (b) ethylamine, and (c) propylamine adapted from Dye and Dalton (58), with permission. Note the change in scale from pattern to pattern, as indicated by the (metal) hyperfine splittings given. Reprinted with permission from J. L. Dye and L. R. Dalton, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 71, 184 (1967). Copyright 1967 American Chemical Society.

Fig. 14. Electron spin resonance spectrum of a frozen solution of rubidium in HMPA, at high machine amplification. The full lines show the variation of resonant field position with A for ge = 1.99800, and a microwave frequency of 9.1735 GHz. The lines are anchored at the crossovers of the MG species (A = 251.3 G). Positions of the Mc, M , ME, Mg, Mh, and M, absorptions are indicated. Reprinted with permission from R. Catterall and P. P. Edwards, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 79, 3010 (1975). Copyright 1975 American Chemical Society.

Fig. 6.1 Circular distribution of the electronic probability for the bonding m.o. of H2 for increasing distances from the internuclear axis, and corresponding contours in a plane containing that axis (adapted with permission from ref. 65, Journal of Chemical Education, 68, 743 (1991) copyright 1991, Division of Chemical Education Inc.).

Fig. 7.3 Qu alitative state diagram for ethylene as a function of the twist angle, adapted from J. Michl, V. Bonacic-Koutecky, Electronic Aspects of Organic Photochemistry, Wiley, 1990. Reproduced with permission from Mol. Phys. 2005, 103, 963-981. Copyright Taylor Francis Ltd. http //www.tandf.co.uk/journals.

FIGURE 5 Electron micrographs of negatively stained smooth muscle myosin filaments. Upper panel Smooth muscle myosin rod forms filaments with a distinct side-polar morphology. Lower three panels Myosin filaments formed by addition of 0.1A4 KCl to myosin minifilaments also show a side-polar appearance. Bar-0.1 p,m. Reproduced from the Journal of Cell Biology, 1987, 105, 3007-3019 by copyright permission of The Rockefeller University Press. 

Reprinted from International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. Vol. 15, M. Helander and G. Biiiii, Cost Effectiveness of Ergonomics and Quality Improvements in Electronics Manufacturing, pp. 137-151, copyright 1995, with permission from Elsevier Science. 

Figure 16.6 Galvanic coupling between iron disc (0.25 mm diameter) and PPy-coated iron ring (5 mm outer diameter) immersed in 0.1 M K2SO4 solution (pH 4). The gap between the disc and the ring is 75 pm. (Reprinted with permission from Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Mechanism for protection of iron corrosion by an intrinsically electronic conducting polymer by T.D. Nguyen, T.A. Nguyen, M.C. Pham etai, 572, 2, 225-234. Copyright (2004) Elsevier Ltd)...

Figure 2.23. Arrangement of the valence electrons in a few molecules according to the Linnett model. The boron and nitrogen atoms in the centers of the tetrahedra form a ring the hydrogen atoms are at the sites of the electron pairs. Electrons of both spins are indicated with filled and open circles. Reprinted with permission from the Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 44,1967, pp. 206-212 copyright 1967, Division of Chemical Education, Inc.

Figure 2.26. Chemical bonding represented as lowering of the kinetic energy when the space that is available for the valence electrons increases. To illustrate the point, the potential is simplified to a flat-bottomed one-dimensional box, which makes the electron energy entirely kinetic and inversely proportional to the length L. When the two potential wells combine the energy levels for the electrons drop. One electron from each of the two boxes can be paired in the lower n = 1 level of the combination box. Reprinted with permission from the Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 65, 1988, p. 581 copyright 1988, Division of Chemical Education, Inc.

Figure 2.27. Graph of the potential wells of hydrogen atoms filled with valence electrons considered as an incompressible fluid. Bonding between two atoms is the result of delocalization of the electron density fluid the vessel for the fluid becomes bigger and the level drops. Similarly, when an electron with spin a (right-slanted) has more space available its average kinetic energy drops. Similarly for spin b (left-slanted). The two fluids with different spins can occupy the same space and ignore each other as a first approximation. Reprinted with permission from the Journal of Chemical Education, Vol 65, 1988, p. 581 copyright 1988, Division of Chemical Education, Inc.

Figure 4.15 Scanning electron micrographs of (A) poly(3-methyl thiophene) and (B) sulfonated poly(3-methyl thiophene). (Reprinted from European Polymer Journal, 40, Y. A. Udum, K. Pekmez, A. Yildiz, 1057. Copyright (2004), with permission from Elsevier.)...

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