Coppers direct fired

USE Generating acetylene gas for lighting purposes (1 kg of carbide yields —300 liters acetylene) as reducing agent, e.g., For direct reduction of copper sulfide to metallic copper signal fires Tor marine service manuf of calcium, iron, alloys, lampblack, cyanamide welding and cutting metals. 

Stack annealing furnaces are bell-type furnaces in which stacked coils of steel wire or strip are heated to about 1250 F (680 C), copper heat treated at 500 to 900 F (2.60 to 480 C) (see figure 3.12). They may be direct fired or indirect fired, depending on the materials being annealed. Cover annealing furnaces have a gas-tight inner cover or bell within the bell furnace in which a prepared atmosphere is circulated by a base fan. Radiant tubes may be used instead of an inner cover. (See fig. 3.22.)... 

Fire Refining. The impurities in bhster copper obtained from converters must be reduced before the bUster can be fabricated or cast into anodes to be electrolyticaHy refined. High sulfur and oxygen levels result in excessive gas evolution during casting and uneven anode surfaces. Such anodes result in low current efficiencies and uneven cathode deposits with excessive impurities. Fite refining is essential whether the copper is to be marketed directly or electrorefined. 

If the fire-refined copper is to be cast into anodes for electrorefining, the oxygen content of the copper is lowered to 0.05—0.2%. If the copper is to be sold directly for fabrication, the oxygen level is adjusted to 0.03—0.05%, which is the range for tough-pitch copper. The principal reactions of fire refining are... 

The course of the reaction can conveniently be followed by gas chromatography. A sample of the reaction mixture is withdrawn at intervals, neutralized with solid sodium bicarbonate, dried over magnesium sulfate, and injected directly into a gas chromatography column consisting of 15% phenyldiethanola-mine succinate (PDEAS) substrate coated on 60/80 mesh, acid-washed fire brick contained in a i in. by 5 ft. spiral-shaped copper... 

Approximate contents of 14 minor and trace elements in oils produced from three coals by the catalytic hydrogenation process of Gulf Research and Development Co. were determined by emission spectroscopy. The results were compared with corresponding data for the original coals and the solid residues from the process. The contents of ash, sulfur, vanadium, lead, and copper are near or below the limits specified for an oil to be fired directly in a gas turbine while sodium and probably calcium are too high. Titanium appears to be somewhat enriched in the oils analyzed relative to other elements, suggesting its presence in organo-metallic complexes. 

And of the last two oarsmen in the bow, let the one be the siphonator, and the other to cast the anchor into the sea.. .. In any case, let him have in the bow the siphon covered with copper, as usual, by means of which he shall shoot the prepared fire upon the enemy. And above such siphon (let there be) a false bottom of planks also surrounded by boards, in which the warriors shall stand to meet the oncoming foes.. .. On occasion [let there be] formations immediately to the front [without maneuvers] so, whenever there is need, to fall upon the enemy at the bow and set fire to the ships by means of the fire of the siphons.. . . Many very suitable contrivances were invented by the ancients and moderns, with regard to both the enemy s ships and the warriors on them—such as at that time the prepared fire which is ejected (thrown) by means of siphons with a roar and a lurid (burning) smoke and filling them [the ships] with smoke.. . . They shall use also the other method of small siphons thrown (i.e., directed) by hand from behind iron shields and held [by the soldiers], which are called hand siphons and have been recently manufactured by oar state. For these can also throw (shoot) the prepared fire into the faces of the enemy.8... 

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