Germanium, elemental copper metal

The same argument leads to the following values for the metallic valence of the elements from copper to germanium ... 

Germanium has a gray shine with a metallic silvery-white luster. It is a brittle element classed as a semimetal or metalloid, meaning it is neither a metal such as iron or copper nor a nonmetal, such as phosphorus, sulfur, or oxygen. Germanium has some properties like a metal and some like a nonmetal. It is a crystal in its pure state, somewhat like silicon. It will combine with oxygen to form germanium dioxide, which is similar to sihcon dioxide (sand). 

The adsorption of albumin from aqueous solution onto copper and nickel films and the adsorption of B-lactoglobulin, gum arabic, and alginic acid onto germanium were studied. Thin metallic films (3-4 nm) were deposited onto germanium internal reflection elements by physical vapor deposition. Transmission electron microscopy studies indicated that the deposits were full density. Substrate temperature strongly Influenced the surface structure of the metal deposits. Protein and/or polysaccharide were adsorbed onto the solid substrates from flowing... 

Of the 80 or so scarce elements, many occur in solid solution in major rock-forming minerals (e.g., rubidium, strontium, vanadium, germanium, gallium, scandium, rare earth elements (REEs)), or in solid solution in widely distributed, refractory, or low-solubility accessory phases (e.g., hafnium). Some elements, such as zirconium and phosphorus, form their own minerals. Others, like the base metals (e.g., copper, lead, zinc), semi-metals (arsenic, antimony, bismuth), and... 

In addition to the elements discussed above, there have been claims in the literature for the framework incorporation of other elements, viz germanium (145,169), chromium, copper, zirconium, and zinc. However, except for germanium, the incorporation of the metals into the framework is viewed criticaUy by the authors. To the best of our knowledge, none of these materials have found commercial application, and they are not reviewed further. 

Elements that border the staircase in Figure 3.11—those between metals and nonmetals— are six metalloids (in blue). Their properties are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals. For example, silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), and arsenic (As) are semiconductors and are the elements that form the basic components of computer chips. Semiconductors conduct electricity less well than metals, such as silver and copper, but better than... 

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