Copper complexes physical development

Complexes of Cu halides with various oxazole or thiazole ligands can be used to produce copper images from physical developer baths in two ways. The first is conventional reduction by a reducing agent such as hydroquinone or ascorbic acid, generally in the presence of an amine base such as dimethylaminoethanol. Ag or Pd nuclei catalyze the process. In the second method, Ag or Pd catalyzes the disproportionation of the Cu complexes into Cu and Cu . A complexing agent for Cu such as triethylenetetramine is added to make the disproportionation thermodynamically favorable. ... 

A recent and extremely important development lies in the application of the technique of liquid extraction to metallurgical processes. The successful development of methods for the purification of uranium fuel and for the recovery of spent fuel elements in the nuclear power industry by extraction methods, mainly based on packed, including pulsed, columns as discussed in Section 13.5 has led to their application to other metallurgical processes. Of these, the recovery of copper from acid leach liquors and subsequent electro-winning from these liquors is the most extensive, although further applications to nickel and other metals are being developed. In many of these processes, some form of chemical complex is formed between the solute and the solvent so that the kinetics of the process become important. The extraction operation may be either a physical operation, as discussed previously, or a chemical operation. Chemical operations have been classified by Hanson(1) as follows ... 

The concept of the philosopher s stone which appears under many names, was that of the existence of some substance which should act as a ferment just as yeast acts upon dough, some mystic substance which added to baser metals should induce the transmutation of larger quantities of these to gold or to silver. An idea of this character is of very early origin, hut any definite ideas as to the nature of this substance are lacking, and in the later alchemists, they take an infinity of forms. The philosopher s stone first appears about the seventh century in literature, hut it may be earlier. In the early centuries of alchemy, there was also developed a mass of symbolism which lost nothing of complexity and obscurity with the development of alchemy. Thus, the egg, symbol of the round universe, or of eternity the egg of the philosophers consisted, like the physical universe, of four components, white and yolk a skin and shell. These four constituents again are sometimes said to typify the four metals which form the basis for transmutation, copper, tin, lead and iron. 

Numerous deposition methods, such as ionized metal plasma deposition, physical vapor deposition, ALD, CVD, PA-CVD, PE-CVD, electroplating and electroless plating have been used to deposit copper films on different substrates. For CVD and ALD, several copper(I) and copper(II) enolates were developed which may be of interest as suitable precursors. The use of these complexes enabled the development of new technologies that are demanded to fulfill the requirements of the microelectronic industry. 

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