Copernicus

On the other hand, although the planetary stations and retrogressions had of course been observed long before Copernicus (indeed, as we just remarked, long before Ptolemy), Copernicus s theory committed him directly to their existence quite independently of their observation. The fact that the planets occasionally seem to stand still and then, for a while, move backwards before resuming their steady eastward progression round the ecliptic is a direct consequence of the Copemican theory s claim that we are on a moving observatory that will therefore periodically overtake certain planets and be overtaken by others as all move round the sun at different rates.17... 

Rosen, E. "Was Copernicus aHermetist " In Historical and philosophical perspectives of science, ed. R.H. Stuewer, 163-171. Minneapolis (MN) Univ of Minnesota P, 1970. 

Shen, L. Bio-based and Recycled Polymers for Cleaner Production— An Assessment of Plastics and Fibres. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Science, Technology and Society (STS)/Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, 2011. 

Lenton, T.M. and Wilkinson, D.M. (2003). Developing the Gaia theory. Climate Change, 58, 1-12 Lovelock, 1. (1979). Gaia - New Look at life on Earth, Oxford University Press, Oxford Volk, T. (1998). Gaia s Body. Springer-Verlag, Copernicus, New York... 

Fig. 3.11. Curves of growth for interstellar lines towards f Oph, observed with the Copernicus satellite. This method of plotting shows the dependence on b along the flat portion and its disappearance as the square-root portion is approached (provided all lines have the same value of yX2). After Spitzer and Jenkins (1975). Copyright by Annual Reviews, Inc.

Deuterium discovered in interstellar gas (Copernicus satellite) and quantitatively estimated in early Solar System, restricting baryonic density in Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBNS) theory. 

D. S. Goodsell, Our Molecular Nature The body s Motors, Machines, and Messages, Copernicus, New York, 1996. 

Readers not familiar with the story of how Nicholas Copernicus disrupted 1000 years of astronomical wisdom according to Ptolemy should study this history. Copernicus got it right with his heliocentric model of the solar system, but any "due diligence" by senior academics of his time would have concluded he was dead wrong. All academic establishments have a stake in maintaining the validity and relevance of the work that got them to the top of their professions. 

E. Croddy, C. Perez-Armendariz and J. Hart, (Eds.), Chemical and Biological Warfare, (Copernicus Books, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2002). 

D. Bielinska-Waz M. Sc. Thesis, Institute of Physics, University Nicholas Copernicus, Torun, Poland (1992). 

Discovering what lies behind a hill or beyond a neighborhood can be as simple as taking a short walk. But curiosity and the urge to make new discoveries usually require people to undertake journeys much more adventuresome than a short walk, and scientists often study realms far removed from everyday observation—sometimes even beyond the present means of travel or vision. Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus s (1473-1543) heliocentric (Sun-centered) model of the solar system, published in 1543, ushered in the modern age of astronomy more than 400 years before the first rocket escaped Earth s gravity. Scientists today probe the tiny domain of atoms, pilot submersibles into marine trenches far beneath the waves, and analyze processes occurring deep within stars. 

Mendeleev had a keen appreciation of art and literature. He sometimes wrote articles on art, and his study was furnished with pencil sketches of Lavoisier, Newton, Descartes, Galileo, Copernicus, Graham, Mitscherlich, Rose, Chevreul, Faraday, Dumas, and Berthelot drawn by his wife. His favorite author was Jules Verne, and his chief consolation... 

An EU COST project under action D23 Metachem Metalaboratories for Complex Computational Applications in Chemistry . Project number D23/0001/01 European Metalaboratory for multireference quantum chemical methods (01/02/200118/07/2005). Participants P. Carsky, J. Pittner (J. Heyrovsky Institute, Prague, Czech Republic), 1. Hubac (Comenius University, Slovakia), S. Wilson (Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK), W. Wenzel (Universitat Dortmund Germany), L. Meissner (Nicholas Copernicus University Poland), V. Staemmler (Ruhr Universitat Bochum Germany), C. Tsipis (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece), A. Mavridis (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece). 

We have come to think of progress in science as taking place through sharp changes in fundamental conceptions called scientific revolutions. The change need not be rapid, for the classic case of the scientific revolution encompasses nearly a century and a half between Copernicus and Newton. Unlike the example from astronomy, chemistry before its revolution in the eighteenth century had not found a theoretical structure at all comparable to the Ptolemaic system that had served astronomy so well and... 

Of all the well-known revolutions in the history of science, the chemical is perhaps the most dramatic. The rapidity with which Lavoisier s views superceded those of the phlogistic tradition of the previous century is in contrast with the century and a half between Copernicus and Newton that defines the scientific revolution. Only twenty years separate Lavoisier s first explorations of the chemistry of gases and the public capitulation of... 

Present address Institute of Physics, Nicholas Copernicus University, Torun, Poland. 

J. S. Kwiatkowski, presented at the 4th Int. Biophys. Cong., Moscow, August 7-14, 1972 (published as preprint No. 211 by the Inst. Phys., Nicholas Copernicus Univ. Torun, Poland, 1972). 

Nowak and M. Ziolek, in Proc. 3rd Polish-German Zeolite Colloquium, M. Rozwadowski (Ed), Nicholas Copernicus University Press, Torun 1997, p. 161. 

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