Copenhagen Protocol

Ozone Layer was signed, which set a timetable for phasing out the production and use of CFCs, including halons. The date for phaseout of the manufacture of halons according to the latest Copenhagen Meeting was January 1, 1994 (UNEP, Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer—Final Act 1987, 1987). 

Kristensen E. In vitro and in vivo studies on pharmacokinetics and metabolism of PNA constructs in rodents. In Peptide Nucleic Acids Methods and Protocols, Nielsen P. E. (Ed.). 2002, Humana Press (To-towa, N.J., United States) Copenhagen, pp. 259-269. 

What does seem to be clear is that without the international agreements reached in Montreal, London, and Copenhagen, the problem of ozone depletion would probably have been much worse than it is today. The graph on page 79 shows the trends in ozone depletion (as measured by the concentration of chlorine in the stratosphere) that would have been seen in the absence of no agreement at all, with the Montreal Protocol alone, and with later amendments to that agreement. 

FIGURE 13.1 Estimated equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine for a continued 3% growth per year, for controls contained in the Montreal Protocol, and for those in the Copenhagen amendments (adapted from World Meteorological Organization, 1995). 

Montreal protocol London amendment Copenhagen amendment Vienna amendment... 

Except where noted, adapted from Daniel et al. (1995). Calculations based on a bromine enhancement factor of a = 40 globally (see Chapter 12.D for discussion of a) and assuming phase-out of emissions as scheduled in the Copenhagen amendments to the Montreal Protocol (see Chapter 13.A for a description of these) note that WMO (1999) recommends a = 60. 

Copenhagen Amendments to Montreal Protocol European Community s Regulation ... 

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Amended in London, June 1990 and in Copenhagen, November 23-25, 1992. Available from . 

The possible implication of CFCs in the depletion of stratospheric ozone, postulated in 1974 and reinforced in the late 1980s by the discovery of a possible link to the thinning of the ozone layer over Antarctica during springtime, had profound effects on the fluorocarbon industry. The discovery of the ozone-depleting properties of CFCs led to the Montreal Protocol and the London and Copenhagen amendments (1990, 1992), which scheduled the end of production of CFCs by the end of 1995. 

Until now the main application of trifluoromethyl bromide was its use as Halon 1301 in aeronautic ( ref. 13).Unfortunatly, Halons are implicated in the depletion of stratospheric ozone. The participants of the 1992 Montreal Protocol Meeting in Copenhagen agreed to phase out Halon production by the year 1994, except for some essential fire-fighting uses. Research on alternative agents have been initiated in order to find new products with low or zero Ozone Depletion Potential. However, the numerous candidates examined so far present... 

Increasing atmospheric amounts of chlorine atoms or free radicals probably result in the destruction of ozone the source of the chlorine atoms is thought to be synthetic substances known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Some CFCs may be released from air-conditioning equipment or aerosol spray cans, and some may result from the production of plastic foams. Several international agreements, including the Montreal Protocol of 1987 and the Copenhagen amendment of 1992, have been established to limit the production of CFCs. 

Countries and world environment from the Kyoto protocol, the UK energy white paper in 2003, the Copenhagen conference in cancun, industries in our country and the world will be focused on the development of low carbon economy. 

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