Cooling bulk material

Phosphorous-based fire retardants carbonised the circuit boards surface, preventing fresh materialbecoming available for burning. Mineral fire retardants, such as aluminium hydroxide, dilute the flammable organic compounds in the bulk material, cool the material and release water on heating. 

Thermoplastics have two properties which make them particularly suited to ultrasonic welding (a) low thermal conductivity and (b) melting or softening temperatures of between 100 and 200 °C. As soon as the ultrasonic power is switched off the substrate or bulk material becomes a heat sink, giving rapid cooling of the welded joint. When more traditional conductive heating is used for welding however the thermal... 

One type of extrinsic deviation is found in the lowering of the freezing point or the raising of the boiling point for small liquid droplets from that for the bulk state. Such effects are usually attributed to the absence of phase transition nuclei. The absence of such nuclei stems from the fact that the bulk material from which the aerosol particles are formed probably contains only minute traces of foreign material (nuclei) per unit volume, so that there is only a very small probability that any small aerosol particle will contain even one nucleus. This circumstance results in the situation that nearly all aerosol particles formed by vapor condensation and subsequent cooling well below the melting point of the parent material are likely to be in a... 

Working with the yttrium mixture, the researchers placed it in a vacuum and fired several thousand laser shots at it, ten pulses per second. The process, called pulsed excimer laser evaporation, produces a vapor from the superconducting compound with each shot. It is the vapor that is deposited on a sample material to form the ultrathin layers. After the film has been built up, it is baked at high temperature, and when cooled, it shows a large reduction in electrical resistivity beginning at about 90° K (the so-called onset temperature) and full superconductivity (zero resistivity) at 83° K. These temperatures are in the same range as in the original bulk material. 

The bulk material should be stored in a well-closed container in a cool, dry place. 

Chlorocresol is stable at room temperature but is volatile in steam. Aqueous solutions may be sterilized by autoclaving. On exposure to air and light, aqueous solutions may become yellow colored. Solutions in oil or glycerin may be sterilized by heating at 160°C for 1 hour. The bulk material should be stored in a well-closed container, protected from light, in a cool, dry place. 

Solutions may be stored in glass or plastic containers. The bulk material should be stored in a well-closed container, protected from light, in a cool, dry place. 

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