Conversion, relative degree

Though monomethyl isomers, as a whole, are primary products, the rates of formation of individual members may differ substantially from each other. Furthermore they depend on the degree of conversion. With, e. g., n-decane (Table III) at low degrees of conversion relative rates of formation for 2-methyl-nonane 3-methylnonane 4-methylnonane 5-methylnonane are 1 2 2 1 and shift to 2 2 2 1 at high degrees of conversion. 

For such a system the relative degree of conversion can be introduced, which is a measure of the extent to which the reaction has proceeded. It can be defined quite generally as the fraction of the amount of a reactant, fed prior to and during reaction... 

Here M, is the molar mass of either A or B. If the total volume of the reaction mixture does not depend on the relative degree of conversion, the latter can be expressed relatively easily in terms of concentrations ... 

Like Op, the yield Yp usually varies between 0 and 1. It is high when both the selectivity and the relative degree of conversion are high it is low when either of them is low. 

Chain-End Initiation—Complete Unzipping The relative degree of polymerization is independent of the relative conversion ... 

The severity of the liquefaction process with respect to temperature and pressure, length or time of processing, and whether or not the initial state of the process is catalytic, solvent extraction, etc., will also determine the relative degree of conversion and subsequent composition of both the product oil and residues. Although the examples which could be cited here are many, Davis, et al. found that in varying the temperature in the batch autoclave experiments (mentioned above) from 316°C to a maximum of 427 0, the... 

The cationic UV photo-initiator (UVI) is a triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate salt in propylene carbonate. This initiator can undergo photolysis to yield radical species as well as a strong acid for cationic polymerization initiation (75). The relative degrees of conversion and ring opening of the resultant polymers were obtained from the IR spectra with emphasis on the carbonyl and vinyl absorption regions. 

It follows from calculations in the proceeding section that the necessa reactor volume of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) needed to obtain a high degree of conversion is relatively large. A so-called "cascade of CSTR s (a number of CSTR s in series) can be a practical alternative. Let us assume that we replace one CSTR with volume V by a series of n equal CSTR s that have the same total volume. The mean residence time in each reactor is then x/n. We can calculate the relative degree of conversion in each consecutive reactor, for any reaction order, with eq. (3.49), where X is replaced by x/n. We find then for... 

Note that for reaction orders > 1, the relative degree of conversion decreases along the cascade (jc. >jc.), and for reaction orders < 1 it increases... 

In summary, the jury is still out on the relative degree of interference of the two sources. The one systematic meta analysis of the few existing studies that examined conversations with passengers (with a total of 5 conditions) and the many studies that examined effects of a phone task on similar measures (with a total of 23 comparable conditions) was not able to demonstrate a significant difference between the two (Horrey and Wickens, 2006). 

Fig. 2-10 Variation in the relative degree of crosslinking with percentage conversion during the emulsion polymerization of styrene/butadiene 25 75 in a batch system at 30 C. (average number of cross-links per monomer unit in polymer)...

Eigure 2 shows that even materials which are rather resistant to oxidation ( 2/ 1 0.1) are consumed to a noticeable degree at high conversions. Also the use of plug-flow or batch reactors can offer a measurable improvement in efficiencies in comparison with back-mixed reactors. Intermediates that cooxidize about as readily as the feed hydrocarbon (eg, ketones with similar stmcture) can be produced in perhaps reasonable efficiencies but, except at very low conversions, are subject to considerable loss through oxidation. They may be suitable coproducts if they are also precursors to more oxidation-resistant desirable materials. Intermediates which oxidize relatively rapidly (/ 2 / i — 3-50 eg, alcohols and aldehydes) are difficult to produce in appreciable amounts, even in batch or plug-flow reactors. Indeed, for = 50, to isolate 90% or more of the intermediate made, the conversion must... 

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