Conversion of signals

Quantitative determination of the major and minor minerals In geological materials Is commonly attempted by x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Mineralogists use a variety of sophisticated and often tedious procedures to obtain semlquantltatlve estimates of the minerals In a solid sample. The mineralogist knows that XRD Intensities depend on the quantity of each mineral component In the sample even through expressions for conversion of signal Intensity to quantitative analysis often are unknown or difficult to determine. Serious difficulties caused by variables such as particle size, crystallinity, and orientation make quantification of many sample types Impractical. Because of a lack of suitable standards, these difficulties are particularly manifest for clay minerals. Nevertheless, XRD remains the most generally used method for quan-... 

Conversion of signal to the desired form and unit (glucose in mM or mg/dL)... 

BINARY CONVERSION OF AE SIGNALS (O > uodcr/over Huang Uirahdd) SIMULTANEOUSLY ON ALL CHANNELS... 

Fig.2 Example of the binary conversion of an AE signal by three different AEBIL channels...

An X-ray image of a test object is converted by a X-ray TV unit (4), and complete video-signal from it is supplied to specialized computer (5). For conversion of X-ray images series X-ray vidicons LI-444 and LI-473 can be used or experimental X-ray vidicons of the same dimensions with a Be input window [2] sensitive to soft X-radiation developed in Introscopy Institute. >. ... 

Preprocessor. A device in a data-acquisition system that performs a significant amount of data reduction by extracting specific information from raw signal representations in advance of the main processing operation. A preprocessor can constitute the whole of a data-acquisition interface, in which case it must also perform the data-acquisition task (conversion of spectrometer signal to computer representation), or it can specialize solely in data treatment. 

Liquid scintillation counting is by far the most common method of detection and quantitation of -emission (12). This technique involves the conversion of the emitted P-radiation into light by a solution of a mixture of fluorescent materials or fluors, called the Hquid scintillation cocktail. The sensitive detection of this light is affected by a pair of matched photomultiplier tubes (see Photodetectors) in the dark chamber. This signal is amplified, measured, and recorded by the Hquid scintillation counter. Efficiencies of detection are typically 25—60% for tritium >90% for and P and... 

Increasingly, the word sensor is used interchangeably with, or in place of, the word transducer to represent the conversion of one type of energy into another. The word actuator, however, refers to a distinctly different set of devices capable of activating a device upon receiving an appropriate signal. Sensors and actuators may be found as part of a system on a single piece of siUcon. 

Special Raman Spectroscopies. The weakness of Raman scattering results typically in the conversion of no more than 10 of the incident laser photons into a usable signal, limiting the sensitivity of conventional spontaneous Raman spectroscopy. This situation can be improved using alternative approaches (8,215,216). 

Electrical manometers have developed during the last 30 years. Modern electrical manometers are well suited for ventilation applications, both in the laboratory and in the field. The advantage of this type of instrument is fhat they are sensitive enough to measure small pressure differences with electrical output, enabling monitoring. A convenient feature, especially in the field is that the instrument is hand-held and there is no need for leveling on a bench, as for fluid manometers. The conversion of the pressure difference into an electrical signal can be based on several different phenomena. 

Fig. 24.7 The conversion of preproinsulin to insulin by sequential removal of the signal peptide and the C fragment.

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