Conversion factors current density

Human actions can initiate accident sequences or cause failures, or conversely rectify or mitigate an accident sequence once initiated. The current methodology lacks nuclear-plant-based data, an experience base for human factors probability density functions, and a knowledge of how this distribution changes under stress. 

PV current-voltage and power-voltage characteristics of a standard GaInP2/GaAs tandem cell were measured under 100 mW/cm2 illumination. The PV parameters under illumination were an open-circuit voltage Vroc = 2.32 V, a short-circuit current density Jsc = 13.4 mA/cm2, a fill factor FF = 0.88, and a PV conversion efficiency of 28.5%. Under the... 

The PV characteristics of the CIGS2 thin-film solar cell on opaque Mo back contact, as measured at the NREL under AM 1.5 conditions, were as follows short-circuit current density sc of 20.88 mA/cm2, open-circuit voltage 1% of 830.5 mV, fill factor FF of 69.13%, and PV conversion efficiency // of 11.99%. 

In a bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic cell with methanofullerene [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as an electron acceptor, alternating copolymer 19 (Fig. 9), derived from 2,7-fluorene and 2,5-dithienylsilole, can show impressive performance as the electron donor.31 In a device configuration of ITO/PEDOT/active layer/Ba/Al, the dark current density—bias curve shows a small leakage current, suggesting a continuous, pinhole-free active layer in the device. Under illumination of an AM 1.5 solar simulator at 100 mW/cm2, a high short-circuit current of 5.4 mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage of 0.7 V, and a fill factor of 31.5% are achieved. The calculated energy conversion efficiency is 2.01%. 

The overall conversion efficiency (rj) of the dye-sensitized solar cell is determined by the photo current density (/ph), the open circuit potential (Voc), the fill factor (FF) of the cell and the intensity of the incident light (Is), (Eq.8) [19]. 

It is seen, therefore, that the cell potential V and consequently the efficiency of an electrochemical converter (Fig. 13.9) are determined by the activation overpotential, by the electrolyte conductance, and by mass transfer (i.e., the solubility of the reactants). The factors that dominate the way the efficiency of the conversion of energy changes with an increase in current density are at low current density, the activation... 

Power conversion efficiency— is the ratio between output power and input power of a device. In - photovoltaic devices it denotes the ratio between the maximum electrical power supplied by a device and the incident radiant power. In this case it is given by rj = l7, " X, XFF, where Doc is the - open-circuit potential, Jsc is the - short-circuit current density, FF is the - fill factor, and E is the -y irradiance. 

The local current density, j0x(x), is highest at the front face of the electrode, and it decreases exponentially with x. The conversion factor is independent of the initial concentration of Ox ... 

PV parameters and power conversion efficiency (Eff), fill factor (FF), open-circuit voltage (V00) and short-circuit current density (Jsc) and were determined from J-V measurements performed under standard conditions (AMI.5 100 mW/cm2 25°C). 

The resistance of n-CdSe to photodecomposition varies with solwnt in the following order AN PC > DMF > EtOH MeOH > HzO . Methanol/ [Fe(CN)gf was chosen for subsequent stability tests because of the high rates of electron transfer and its transparence to most of the solar spectrum. The conversion efficiency for the photo-anode at 85 mW/cm (tungsten-halogen illumination) is reported to be 3.5% at a constant current density of 6mA/cm and the fill factor is 0.56 The anode was completely stabilized by the redox couple and no deterioration of the surface or degradation of the photoresponse were observed Specific adsorption at the electrode surface and ion pairs in the bulk solution limit the maximum short-circuit current to 17.5 mA/cm in stirred and 7.5 mA/cm in unstirred solutions Purity of the solvent is essential... 

The best device gave an open circuit voltage (VoJ of 480 mV, a short circuit current density (Jsc) of 15.3mAcm and a fill factor of 45%. The corresponding power conversion efficiency was 3.2%, which is similar to the values reported by Araki et al. (3.16% [120]) and Ennaoui et al. (3.4% [121]). 

Table 5.1 summarizes the relationship of commonly used corrosion rate units and their expressions. The conversion factors are given in Table 5.2 and Table 5.3 [16]. The current density equivalent to a corrosion rate of 1 g/m day is given in Table 5.4 [16].

For solar cells, the efficiency is given under irradiation with a solar spectrum under air mass 1.5 (AM 1.5) [65] in terms of power conversion efficiency or internal photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (ICPE) [66]. Characteristic parameters that are often used are the open circuit voltage Voc, the short circuit current density /sc, and the fill factor, given by... 

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