Contributions, crystalline

I)(. p end ing upon the parameters chosen, simulations performed using the Gay-Berne potential show behaviour typical of liquid crystaUine materials. Moreover, by modifying the potential, 111. can determine what contributions affect the liquid crystalline properties and so help to suggest what types of molecule should be made in order to attain certain properties. 

Figure 4.7c illustrates how x-ray diffraction techniques can be applied to the problem of evaluating 6. If the intensity of scattered x-rays is monitored as a function of the angle of diffraction, a result like that shown in Fig. 4.7c is obtained. The sharp peak is associated with the crystalline diffraction, and the broad peak, with the amorphous contribution. If the area A under each of the peaks is measured, then... 

The high crystallinity of acetal resins contributes significantly to their excellent resistance to most chemicals, including many organic solvents. Acetal resins retain their properties after exposure to a wide range of chemicals and environments. More detailed data are available (14). 

A good compilation of the functions of fats in various food products is available (26). Some functions are quite subtle, eg, fats lend sheen, color, color development, and crystallinity. One of the principal roles is that of texture modification which includes viscosity, tenderness (shortening), control of ice crystals, elasticity, and flakiness, as in puff pastry. Fats also contribute to moisture retention, flavor in cultured dairy products, and heat transfer in deep fried foods. For the new technology of microwave cooking, fats assist in the distribution of the heating patterns of microwave cooking. 

Ions in ceramic crystalline materials constitute potential charge carriers that can contribute to electrical conductivity, but analysis requires a... 

The development of apparatus and techniques, such as x-ray diffraction, contributed gready to research on clay minerals. Crystalline clay minerals are identified and classified (36) primarily on the basis of crystal stmcture and the amount and locations of charge (deficit or excess) with respect to the basic lattice. Amorphous (to x-ray) clay minerals are poody organized analogues of crystalline counterparts. 

Several physicochemical properties of dietary fiber contribute to its physiological role. Water-holding capacity, ion-exchange capacity, solution viscosity, density, and molecular kiteractions are characteristics determined by the chemical stmcture of the component polysaccharides, thek crystallinity, and surface area. 

Crystallinity is low the pendent allyl group contributes to the amorphous state of these polymers. Propylene oxide homopolymer itself has not been developed commercially because it cannot be cross-baked by current methods (18). The copolymerization of PO with unsaturated epoxide monomers gives vulcanizable products (19,20). In ECH—PO—AGE, poly(ptopylene oxide- o-epichlorohydrin- o-abyl glycidyl ether) [25213-15-4] (5), and PO—AGE, poly(propylene oxide-i o-abyl glycidyl ether) [25104-27-2] (6), the molar composition of PO ranges from approximately 65 to 90%. 

Figure 5 Electron density distributions along the bilayer normal from an MD simulation of a fully hydrated liquid crystalline phase DPPC bilayer. (a) Total, lipid, and water contributions (b) contributions of lipid components in the interfacial region.

Figure S.14 The eight P strands in one domain of the crystallin structure in this idealized diagram are drawn along the surface of a barrel. From this diagram it is obvious that the p strands are arranged in two Greek key motifs, one (red) formed by strands 1-4 and the other (green) by strands 5-8. Notice that the p strands that form one motif contribute to both P sheets as shown in Figure 5.12.

Industrial carbon anodes and artificial graphites are not a single material but are rather members of a broad family of essentially pure carbon. Fortunately, artificial graphites can be tailored to vary widely in their strength, density, conductivity, pore structure, and crystalline development. These attributes contribute to their widespread applicability. Specific characteristics are imparted to the fmished product by conti ollmg the selection of precursor materials and the method of processing [19]... 

The formation of acyl halide-Lewis acid complexes have been observed by several methods. For example, both 1 1 and 1 2 complexes of acetyl chloride, with AICI3 can be observed by NMR spectroscopy. The existence of acylium ions has been demonstrated by X-ray diffraction studies on crystalline salts. For example, crystal structure determinations have been reported for /i-methylphenylacylium and acetylium ions as SbFg salts. There is also a good deal of evidence from NMR measurements which demonstrates that acylium ions can exist in nonnucleophilic solvents. " The positive charge on acylium ions is delocalized onto the oxygen atom. This delocalization is demonstrated in particular by the short O—C bond lengths in acylium ions, which imply a major contribution from the structure having a triple bond ... 

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