Contrails

Lasch, J., Laub, R., and Wohlrab, W. (1991). How deep do intact liposomes penetrate into human skin J. Contrail. Release, 18, 55-8. 

For those more inclined to use environmental topics to enrich thermodynamics and kinetics parts of the physical chemistry curriculum, Modeling Stratospheric Ozone Chemistry and the Contrail projects are two examples. 

Physical Chemistry is fun when natural phenomena are explained and basic chemistry principles are applied. It is especially useful when the nature of the problem involves an inter-disciplinary approach in which physical chemists play major roles in contributing key concepts and ideas. Our objective in this project is to use mathematics and physics applied to chemistry and climatology to determine the possibility of contrail formation behind the jet planes. 

High-pressure pilot plants are used for scaling-up the plants for production of chemicals and for separation processes. As an example, a small scale plant for supercritical extraction is shown in Fig. 4.3-33. The pilot plant manufactured by the SITEC-company [50] contains all the components of a large-scale plant to gain, for example, concentrate of hops from the natural product, and is fully equipped with contrail- and measuring devices. On the left -hand side, the extractor can be seen, to which the separator is joined (right hand side). The pilot plant is designed for pressures up to 300 bar and temperatures of 250°C. It is movable, and can be applied to separate different products from sundry natural and other materials. 

Karcher, B Th. Peter and R. Ottmann, Contrail formation Homogeneous nucleation of H2SO4-H2O... 

During time period At there are many transformation processes of substances ejected by aircraft engines within the flight corridor. The term index of transformations in a jet is an integral estimate of the concentrations of these substances as a function of time. Let us suppose that exhaust took place at moment t0 (the moment of aircraft transit over a given point of the Earth surface). Then, the index of transformation of chemicals in the contrail after the flight can be presented by a three-step function ... 

MPTO Modeling the processing of propagation and transformation of ozone in the interaction between the contrail and the surrounding atmosphere. 

Liu, R., Ma, G.H., Meng, F.-T., and Su, Z.-G., Preparation of uniform-sized PLA microcapsules by combining Shirasu Porous Glass membrane emulsification technique and multiple emulsion-solvent evaporation method, J. Contrail. Ret, 103, 31, 2005. 

K.J. De Wiff, Sulfur Oxidation and Contrail Precursor Chemistry , NASA, NASA/CR-2003-212293(2003). 

Hydrogen in Aerospace Clean Contrails and the Orient Express... 

E. Lipka, J. Crison, and G. Amidon. Transmembrane transport of peptide type compounds Prospects for oral delivery. J. Contrail. Rel. 39 121-129 (1996). 

S. Yoshioka, A. Kishida, S. Izumikawa, Y. Aso, and Y. Takeda, Base-induced polymer hydrolysis in poly( 3-hydroxybutyrate/ 3-hydroxyvalerate) matrices, J. Contrail. Release 16,341-348 (1991). 

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