Continuous-flow mixing

F. G. Bessoth, A. deMello, A. Manz 1999, (Microstructure for efficient continuous flow mixing), Anal. Commun. 36, 213. 

At constant density, the mass balance of a continuous flow mixed tank is simply... 

In a continuous-flow mixed-film methanogenic column study, tetrachloroethylene degraded to trichloroethylene with traces of vinyl chloride, dichloroethylene isomers, and carbon dioxide (Vogel and McCarty, 1985). In a static-culture-flask screening test, tetrachloroethylene (5 and 10 mg/L) was statically incubated in the dark at 25 °C with yeast extract and settled domestic wastewater inoculum. Significant degradation with gradual adaptation was observed after 28 d of incubation. The amount lost due to volatilization after 10 d was 16 to 23% (Tabak et al., 1981). 

Bessoth FG, deMello AJ, Manz A (1999) Microstructure for efficient continuous flow mixing. Anal Commun 36(6) 213-215... 

The reader interested in continuous-flow mixing operations is directed to references that deal specifically with that aspect of mixing such as the monographs by Oldshue (15) and Tatterson (16). 

Clusters, continuous flow mixing systems, 93ff... 

Che-Hsin L, Chien-Hsiung T, Lung-Ming F (2005) A rapid three-dimensional vortex micromixer utilizing self-rotation effect under low Reynolds number conditions. J Micromech Microeng 15 935. http //dx.doi.Org/10.1088/0960-1317/15/5/006 Bessoth F, deMello A, Manz A (1999) Microstructure for efficient continuous flow mixing. Anal Commun 36(6) 213-215... 

The reaction order is also useful when comparing a continuous-flow mixed reactor (CSTR) with a plug-flow reactor (PFR) or a batch reactor. The ratio of reactor volumes, VCSTR/VPFR, increases with reaction order and with the required conversion. For a first-order reaction this ratio is... 

The parameter y ax can be converted to a turnover number or kcat by taking account of the molar concentration of enzyme present in the assay mixture. The values of kcat of enzymes are generally in the range of 10 -10 12] means that the catalytic events on the enzyme occur in the time range of milliseconds or less. In order to characterize such steps, it is necessary to employ rapid reaction techniques such as stopped-flow, which has a dead time of approximately 1 ms. Continuous-flow mixing techniques can have shorter dead times but make much greater demands in terms of quantities of sample required. The value of kcJK provides not only a quantitative measure of the specificity of an enzyme for a given substrate but it can also be used as a measure of catalytic efficiency... 

Mixing and laying of the slurry surfacing mix are carried out by a self-contained, continuous-flow mixing-and-laying unit machine. It is a truck-mounted unit that carries an aggregate bin, a filler bin, a bitumen emulsion tank, a water tank and a small chemical additive tank (sometimes optional). All mix constituents are delivered to the mixer at a predetermined ratio using electronic or otherwise control systems. 

The latest development in the continuous-flow mixing industry for hot mix asphalt is claimed to be the use of a drum for drying/heating the aggregate and a twin pugmill for... 

Humphrey DW, Van Ness HC. (1957) Mass transfer in a continuous-flow mixing vessel. AICHEJ, 3 283-286. 

ESI Continuous-flow mixing apparatus for real-time MS Zinck et al. [96]... 

Bessoth, F.C., deMello, A.J., Manz, A. (1999) Microstructure for Efficient Continuous Flow Mixing. Anal. Commun. 36 213-215. 

Modifying the design of the ESI source allows one to reduce the duration of incubation of the reactants prior to the ionization. The continuous flow mixing approach, disclosed by Wilson and Konermann [51], is particularly successful because it enables the duration of reactant incubation to be varied (see Section 4.2.4 and Figure 4.3). Millisecond-scale incubations could readily be accomplished in this way. If even shorter incubations are required, further modification of the standard ESI emitter design may be necessary. Eor example, Fisher et al. [52] used a pulled dual-lumen glass capillary - the so-called theta capillary - as nanoESI emitter for short timescale mixing of protein and acid solutions to... 

Figure S.2 Schematic representation of a continuous-flow mixing setup for kinetic measurements by time-resolved ESI-MS. Syringes 1 and 2 deliver a continuous flow of reactants mixing of the two solutions initiates...

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