Forced continuous conduction mode

The Current Ripple Ratio r in Forced Continuous Conduction Mode ( FCCM )... 

The CCM-type mode that replaces the DCM mode in synchronous regulators is distinguished from the usual (normal) CCM mode, by calling it the forced continuous conduction mode (FCCM). The main switch is usually identified as the top (or high-side ) mosfet, whereas... 

Cross-flow-elec trofiltratiou (CF-EF) is the multifunctional separation process which combines the electrophoretic migration present in elec trofiltration with the particle diffusion and radial-migration forces present in cross-flow filtration (CFF) (microfiltration includes cross-flow filtration as one mode of operation in Membrane Separation Processes which appears later in this section) in order to reduce further the formation of filter cake. Cross-flow-electrofiltratiou can even eliminate the formation of filter cake entirely. This process should find application in the filtration of suspensions when there are charged particles as well as a relatively low conduc tivity in the continuous phase. Low conductivity in the continuous phase is necessary in order to minimize the amount of elec trical power necessaiy to sustain the elec tric field. Low-ionic-strength aqueous media and nonaqueous suspending media fulfill this requirement. 

We had said previously, that by definition, r is defined only for CCM, and therefore cannot exceed 2 (since that marks the boundary between CCM and DCM). However in synchronous regulators (with diode replaced or supplanted by a low-drop mosfet across it), we actually never enter DCM (unless the IC is deliberately designed to mimic that mode on demand). So now, on decreasing the load, we actually continue to remain in CCM. That is because for DCM to ever occur, the inductor current must be forced to stay at least for some part of the switching cycle at zero. And to get that to happen, we need to have a reverse-biased diode that prevents the inductor current from going the other way. But in synchronous regulators, the mosfet across the diode allows reverse-conduction even if the diode is reverse-biased, so we do not get DCM. 

Vastly different methods are available for cultivation of biofilms. Basically, these can be described as either batch-mode or continuous mode methods. In batch studies, growth substrata in the form of coupons or glass slides are placed in e.g. Petri-dishes or other holders filled with medium. Under the action of undefined shear forces, investigations in so-called beaker reactors are conducted. A further test system which operates in batch mode and continues to become prominent is the miniaturized test system comprising microtitre plates, in which 96 wells enable the simulation of various experimental conditions simultaneously under static conditions (Geneveaux et al., 1996 O Toole et al., 1999). In general, biocide tests in batch systems are simpler to run, have shorter durations, and are very simple to carry out. Therefore, they are well-suited for initial comparisons or screenings of different biocides, or different concentrations and contact times of a particular biocide. 

---