Construction costs membrane reactor

Membrane reactor G-L-S or G-L reactor in which liquid is diffused through a membrane and converted by the bioflim, which is attached to the membrane, to the final product. Biofouling or clogging is possible. High construction and operating cost. Four membrane tyjjes microjforous, x>rous, dense, and comjfosite. 

On the other hand, the use of polymeric membranes in CMRs is increasing in interest [16]. The cost of polymeric membranes is generally lower in comparison with inorganic ones, and the preparation protocols allow a better reproducibility moreover, the relatively low operating temperatures are associated with a less stringent demand for materials used in the reactor construction [16]. 

Up to now, the heat-transfer resistances of the membrane and of the shell side have been neglected. This is reasonable only in exceptional cases, because the highest heat-transfer resistance of the system is expected - due to the reactor construction - at the shell side. Assuming quasistationary heat transfer, the calculation of the overall heat-transfer coefficient between reactor wall and catalyst bed is easy to implement using a series connection of thermal resistances for both the ay,- and 2,(r)-models. Because of the small differences in the predicted temperature profiles and the lower computational cost, the o -model with the overall heat-transfer coefficients has been used in the following calculations. 

An example of an estimate of the total capital investment for a processing plant is given in Tables 16.14 and 16.15 for an ammonia plant producing 1 billion Ib/yr. The costs are for the year 2000 at a U.S. Midwest location. The plant is part of an integrated complex. The process involves a variety of equipment, including gas compressors, pumps, heat exchangers, a catalytic reactor, a distillation column, an absorber, a flash drum, a gas adsorber, and gas permeation membrane separators. The material of construction is almost exclusively carbon steel. 

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