Constricted Flow Dimensions

A new hydraulic diameter Z)h,cf was introduced based on the cmistricted flow dimensions. For a circular pipe with wall roughness , the constricted flow diameter is defined as... 

What is the thermal conductivity of silicon nanowires, n-alkane single molecules, carbon nanotubes, or thin films How does the conductivity depend on the nanowiie dimension, nanotube chirality, molecular length and temperature, or the film thickness and disorder More profoundly, what are the mechanisms of heat transfer at the nanoscale, in constrictions, at low tanperatures Recent experiments and theoretical studies have dononstrated that the thermal conductivity of nanolevel systems significantly differ from their macroscale analogs [1]. In macroscopic-continuum objects, heat flows diffusively, obeying the Fourier s law (1808) of heat conduction, J = -KVT, J is the current, K is the thermal conductivity and VT is the temperature gradient across the structure. It is however obvious that at small scales, when the phonon mean free path is of the order of the device dimension, distinct transport mechanisms dominate the dynamics. In this context, one would like to understand the violation of the Fourier s... 

The most popular approach is the pipe flow analogy model, also called the capillary tube model or channel model, which approximates the flow through the packed bed by the flow through a bundle of straight capillaries of equal size. Further refinement produced the constricted tube model. In this model, an assembly of tortuous channels of varying cross sections simulates the varying dimensions and curvatures of pores in the packed bed. The major contributions following this approach include Blake (1922), Kozeny (1927),... 

The pore size distributions obtained by the mercury intrusion and liquid extrusion techniques are expected to be different. Mercury intrusion allows access to the pores from both sides of the mat and the entire pore volume is likely to be sampled. For pores that have large surface openings, the liquid extrusion generally tends to imderestimate the pore volumes relative to those measured by intrusion porosimetry. Liquid extrusion measurements yield the pressure needed to push the liquid past the most constricted part (or the throat ) of the pore. The pore volume of the channel is estimated based on the throat diameter. This also introduces directionality to the liquid extrusion measurement For a sample where porosity includes converging or diverging channels, the pore volumes (and pore dimensions) obtained from the liquid extrusion method will depend on the direction of the gas flow into the membrane. However, this is not expected to be a serious source of error in routinely characterizing nanofiber mats. 

Mass transfer of gas through a porous membrane can involve several processes depending on the pore stmcture and the solid [1]. There are four different mechanisms for the transport Poiseuille flow Knndsendiflusion partial condensation/capillaiy diffusion/selective adsorption and molecular sieving [2, 3]. The transport mechanism exhibited by most of carbon membranes is the molecular sieving mechanism as shown in Fig. 2.1. The carbon membranes contain constrictions in the carbon matrix, which approach the molecular dimensions of the absorbing species [4],... 

A Venturi-scrabber with downstream cyclone for collection of the dust loaded water drops will be built. By conversion, the ionization unit which is used for the tubular fabric filter will be connected upstream to the Yenturi-scrubber. The throat cross-section will be dimensioned in such a way that the max. pressure loss in the scrubber will be 85 mbar. A second construction will be made with a larger throat cross-section. In a thiid variation the unit will be run as a scrabbing tower, i.e. without constriction of the gas flow. 

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