Consolidation ethics

As well as domestic legislation, there is extensive European legislation governing member states. The European Community has over the years established measures to harmonize the regulation of medicines throughout Europe. In 2001, all European Community Directives adopted between 1965 and 1999 on the regulation of medicines were consolidated into a Community Code . At the time, the Code could not incorporate the new Clinical Trials Directive harmonizing EU controls on the approval and conduct of clinical trials (i.e. Directive 2001/20/EC). The Community Code has, however, since been amended to take into account the Directive s ethics. 

Bayer consolidated its American holdings at about the same time as BASF. But, given its history, it focused on a somewhat different set of product lines, especially pharmaceuticals. In 1977, partly from antitrust pressure, Bayer acquired Monsanto s 50 percent in Mobay, the joint venture that had expanded its line to polyurethane and agricultural chemicals. Bayer s primary drive, however, continued to be in pharmaceuticals. In the same year, it also purchased Cutter Laboratories, makers of nutrients and ethical drugs. Soon thereafter. Cutter recorded its first profit. Bayer s success in turning around... 

Clinical intelligence access and collaboration. Acting on knowledge via feedback or moving humans to action by real-time on-demand access to consolidated patient, research, or other healthcare data, and including the topics of portals, shareware, identity protection, and privacy security and consent compliance ethical practice and smarter solicitation and provision of services. 

Consolidation tends to be a gross treatment. It is often considered as the treatment of choice for visibly degraded wooden artifacts, particularly for artifacts that have been subject to attack by microorganisms or insects. It is an attractive solution, in that treated artifacts are made perceptibly stronger, but the treatment is compromised by ethical and technical problems. 

Ethics of Consolidation. An ethical dilemma is inherent to the process of consolidation. Extrinsic material (consolidant) becomes bound to the original material and, for practical purposes, becomes inextricable from that fabric. Any extrinsic substance incorporated into a historic artifact adulterates the original fabric. Factual interpretation becomes more diflScult as the fabric is obscured or altered. 

Simple consolidation, the most common form, uses a single active chemical substance with generic properties to compensate for the artifact s dysfunction. Material interfaces are reduced and treatment time is often less than that required for integrated consolidation. However, a single chemical substance rarely has mechanical and physical characteristics capable of matching the artifact s dysfunction. The results are usually a compromise between necessary intervention and ethics. 

Serious physical and ethical problems inherent to the consolidation process are apparent. A relationship exists between those problems and the extent of consolidation As more consolidant is introduced into the artifact, adulteration of cultural significance also increases. Therefore, only the minimum effective consolidation (MEC) should be applied. A thorough evaluation of the object and its anticipated environment is essential to determine what is effective. 

All this is a clear offense to ethics, that denies voluntary or involuntary manipulation of information, requires recognition of the professional competence, claims the assumption of responsibihties, avoids conflict of interest, places emphasis on self integrity, honesty and objectivity. Anyone substimting a scholar in explaining the science behind a natural phenomenon without having enough credit or giving advises about how to be prepared for a natural hazard without a consolidated experience commits an offence toward the principles of ethics. 

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