Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers

Carnot soon realized that he did not have the temperament of a soldier and in 1818 left the army. After leaving the army Carnot took up residence in his father s former Paris apartment, and was presumably supported by his family whiile he attended classes at Sorbonne, the College de France, and the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. He also frequently visited factories and workshops, both to see steam engines actually in use, and to learn more about the economics of such industrial use of energy. There were rumors that he did at least on a lew occasions receive some consultant s fees for his advise, but there was no clear documentary evidence of this. In 1827 he returned to active militaiy seiwice with the rank of captain, but this lasted only a little more than a year. He resigned in 1828 and died of cholera four years later in Paris. 

Lavoisier s laboratory has been reconstructed in the Paris Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. Marcel Duchamp was apparently quite influenced by his visits to the museum. His godson, Gordon Matta-Clark, who built an alchemist s lab in the Lower East Side of Manhattan, could be seen as another inheritor of Lavoisier. 

For thirty-five consecutive years Peligot occupied the chairs of analytical chemistry and glassmaking at the Central School of Arts and Manufactures, and during this time he wrote an important treatise on each of these subjects. He. also lectured to large, sympathetic audiences at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, and taught a course in agricultural chemical analysis at the National Agronomic Institute. 

The experiments on the variation of mechanical properties with cold work (thin series) and the cupping tests (both in the worked and annealed states) were carried out at the Chalais Meudon Laboratory. The experiments on the effect of annealing at different temperatures after cold work were carried out at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. Reports of the latter experiments are given in the appendices. 

Of. Appendix V. Report of tlie Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. No. 13463. 

These were carried out on test bars, 55x10x10 mm., with a Mesnager notch of 2 mm. depth, using a 30 kg. m. charpy pendulum of the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. 

While most of Charles s papers were on mathematics, he was ultimately an avid scientist and inventor. He dupficated a number of experiments that Franklin and others had completed on electricity and designed several instruments, including a new type of hydrometer for measuring densities and a reflecting goniometer for measuring the angles of crystals. Charles was elected to France s Academy of Sciences in 1785 and later became professor of physics at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. He died in Paris on April 7, 1823. see also Boyle, Robert Cavendish, Henry Dalton, John Gay-Lussac, Joseph-Louis. 

Some of these institutions were more or less related to the military before the war, and especially to the study of powder and explosives. This was the case with Kling s Municipal Laboratory, and Berthelot s laboratory of organic chemistry at the College de France, as well as the laboratory at the Ecole de Physique et de Chimie Industrielle de la Ville de Paris (when Haller belonged to the Commission Scientifique d Etude des Poudres de Guerre in 1907-1910), and the Laboratoire National d Essais, at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, to which Captain Cellerier was seconded. 

French chemist and physicist, who became professor of physics at the Paris Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. He is best remembered tor discovering Charles law (1787), relating to the volume and temperature of a gas. In 1783 he became the first person to make an ascent in a hydrogen balloon. 

Henry Becquerel was born in Paris in 1852. Both his father and his grandfather were well-known scientists and university professors. Henry studied at the Ecole Polytechnique and started his career there as an assistant. In 1891 he inherited his father s chair in physics at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, and in 1895 became a professor of the Ecole Polytechnique too. He was a member of the French Academy of Science. His discovery in 1896 of uranium radiation was epoch-making, it was in fact the overture of the atomic age. For this discovery he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. The unit of radioactive radiation (1 disintegration/s), the becquerel, bears his name. He was successful in other fields of physics too. He dealt much with spectroscopy. He died in Le Croisis in 1908 (Ranc 1946). 

Nicolas Clement (Dijon, 12 January 1779-Paris, 21 November 1841) went to Paris as clerk to an uncle, a notary. He studied in libraries and turned to science. With the support of Montgolfier and Guyton de Morveau he studied chemistry, and was Guyton s assistant at the ficole Polytechnique. He became professor at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. Having won a lottery he married the daughter of Charles Bernard Desormes (Dijon, 3 June 1777-Verberie, Dept. Oise, 30 August 1862), who had been assistant to Guyton, and he took the name Clement-Desormes (hence some accounts make Clement and Desormes the same person). Clement and Desormes owned chemical works at Verberie. ... 

Anselme Payen (Paris 17 January 1795-13 March 1871), at first director of a beet-sugar factory, was also professor of industrial chemistry in the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. He introduced the name cellulose (1839), published on starch (measuring the sizes of the granules of different kinds), dextrin, diastase, and many other subjects. His lectures were published. ... 

Papers in Compt. Rend., 1844, xviii to 1849, xxix collected in Ann. Chim., 1852, xxxiv, 357 1852, xxxvi, 5 1853, xxxvii, 406 Recherches sur les Quantites de Chaleur digagees dans les Actions Chimiques et Moleculaires, 1853 Favre, Ann. Chim., 1854, xl, 293 1872, xxvi, 385 1872, xxvii, 265 1873, xxix, 87 1874, i, 438. Pierre Antoine Favre (Lyons, 20 February 1813-Marseilles, 17 February 1880) was assistant professor in the cole de M6decine, Paris, and professor in Marseilles (1854) Compt. Rend., 1880, xc, 329 (obit.). Johann Theobald Silbermann (Pont d Aspach, Dep. Ober-Rhein, i December 1806-Paris, July 1865) was at first an engineer, then Preparateur de Physique in the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers (1835-48) and at the Sorbonne (1840-8), then custodian of the collections at the Conservatoire (1848) Poggendorff, (i), ii, 928 iii, 1246. 

Ann. Chim., 18 ii, 385-429 (422) Victor Hippolyte de Luynes (Paris 16 August 1828-8 Junje X904), professor of applied chemistiy in die Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, worked on oijcin, boric add, and glau (induding Rupert s drops , see Vol. II). 

Cf. A. Grelon and C. Fontanon eds., Lesprofesseurs du Conservatoire des arts et metiers (1794-1955). Dictionnaire biographique. 2 vols. (Paris, 1994). 

These schools were founded for the education of technicians Rouen, 1802-1820, then 1832 Lyon, where the Martini re school, founded in 1826, was reorganized in 1857 Mulhouse, 1822 and Lille, 1823. In Paris, a similar school was located at the Manufacture des Gobelins, where Michel-Eugdne Chevreul was appointed directeur des teintures in 1825, and which offered teaching courses in tinctorial chemistry. In addition, two chemistry chairs were created at the Conservatoire des arts et metiers in 1819 and 1839 and at the Ecole Centrale, founded in 1829. Other Paris based institutions (Museum d histoire naturelle, Ecole des Mines, Ecole poly technique) were also active in chemistry. 

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