Connection epistemology

I ll concentrate on epistemological reduction, because the other two don t make sense without some sort of cognitive connection between the S- and B-domains. The second, more crucial issue is hidden in the phrase "supplemented by suitable supplemen-... 

Nevertheless, it should be emphasized that the epistemological and the theoretical connections between quantum laws and quantum chemical explanations of bonding are far removed from deductive reasoning they are not mere extensions of quantum rules to chemistry. They do not conform to a reductive model for relation between physics and chemistry. 

Given, the strong ontological connection between chemistry and physics and only tenuous epistemological relations between the two disciplines, it may be futile to look for a simple or elegant model that would characterize the relation between the two. Indeed the only relevant question may be the one I posed earlier. What is the nature of the laws and theories of physics that have such strong influence on chemistry and yet cannot subsume the concepts and models that arise in chemical systems in accordance with these very laws of matter ... 

Paul Needham graduated in Chemistry at the University of Birmingham, U.K., from where he also obtained an M.A. in Philosophy. His doctorate in Philosophy from the University of Uppsala, Sweden, concerns McTaggart s and Prior s views on time. He is currently professor in theoretical philosophy at the University of Stockholm, where he has taught since 1980. His interests include metaphysics, epistemology and the philosophy of science, and he has more recently been concerned with issues related to chemistry, particularly in connection with Pierre Duhem s contributions to the subject and criticism of the discussion of natural kinds as applied to chemical substances. http //people.su.se/ pneedham/PNEng.html... 

In the next phase, the co-dtation matrix needed to be constructed and visualized. For the construction of the matrix, references were either extracted automatically (ISl) or manually (EBSCO) for each publication included in the analysis. As the entries in die reference lists included different citation styles or misspellings, all references needed to be normalized. I then excluded those references which were not part of the dataset, i.e. those which were not included in the 111 papers. By this procedure many references were excluded from the analysis, but the matrix could be constructed more effidendy. The focus of the citation analysis was rather on the connection of papers within the field of user innovation than on the epistemological foundations thereof (cf. Raasch et al. forthcoming). Thus it was sufficient to include only papers that focus on the topic of user innovation, and not its intellectual ancestry. In the next step I constructed the citation matrix. This 111x111 matrix included all articles and indicated which other publications from the pool were cited. Publications that were not died at all and did not co-dte others were deleted from the matrix, as they were obsolete for the analysis. This yielded a list of 100 publications. In the last step the co-citation matrix was built I exduded papers that were not co-cited (46 publications) from the analysis. The doseness measure used in this study (CoCit score) was calculated. The CoCit score of two documents (A and B) ranges from 0 to 1 and can be calculated as follows (Gmiir 2003) ... 

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