Conjugated polymers nanostructured

With rapid developments in nanoscience and nanotechnology, various nanostructures, including nanotubes (NTs), nanowires (NWs), and nanopaiticles (NPs), have been fabricated using light-emitting polymers [4-6], The intrinsic characteristics of jr-conjugated polymer nanostructures can be controlled through the physical dimensions, chemical processes, and post-synthetic treatments. 

J.-T. Chen, C. Hsu, -S. Conjugated Polymer Nanostructures for Organic Solar Cell Applications. Polym. Chem. 2011,2,2707. 

P3ATconductive nanofibers. P3AT nanofibers are a very widely studied class of conjugated polymer nanostructures." "" Upon fiber formation, the lamellar sheets of P3HT often package parallel to each other, thus forming a... 

P. Kumar, A. Mehta, S.M. Mahurin, S. Dai, M.D. Dadmun, B.G. Sumpter, and M.D. Barnes, Formation of oriented nanostructures from single molecules of conjugated polymers in microdroplets of solution the role of solvent, Macromolecules, 37 6132-6140, 2004. 

X. Kong and S.A. Jenekhe, Block copolymers containing conjugated polymer and polypeptide sequences synthesis and self-assembly of electroactive and photoactive nanostructures, Macromolecules, 37 8180-8183, 2004. 

Song J, Cheng Q, Kopta S, Stevens RC. Modulating artificial membrane morphology pH-induced chromatic transition and nanostructural transformation of a bolaamphiphilic conjugated polymer from blue helical ribbons to red nanofibers. J Am Chem Soc... 

Similar approach has also been taken by Ferain and Legras [133,137,138] and De Pra et al. [139] to produce nanostructured materials based on the template of the membrane with etched pores. Polycarbonate film was also of use as the base membrane of the template, and micro- and nanopores were formed by precise control of the etching procedure. Their most resent report showed the successful formation of ultrasmall pores and electrodeposited materials of which sizes were as much as 20 nm [139]. Another attractive point of these studies is the deposited materials in the etched pores. Electrochemical polymerization of conjugated polymer materials was demonstrated in these studies, and the nanowires based on polypyrrole or polyaniline were formed with a fairly cylindrical shape reflecting the side wall structure of the etched pores. Figure 10 indicates the shape of the polypyrrole microwires with their dimension changes by the limitation of the thickness of the template. 

Relations between structural properties (nanostructure and texture) and optophysical processes were also established in oligomer thin films. Oligomers of 7r-conjugated polymers with non-degenerate ground state are good computer-... 

Geens W, Shaheen SE, Brabec CJ, Poortmans J, Sariciftci NS (2000) Field-effect mobility measurements of conjugated polymer/fullerene photovoltaic blends. Presented at the electronic properties of novel materials—molecular nanostructures, 14th international winter school/Euroconference (American Institute of Physics), Kirchberg... 

Alam MM, Jenekhe SA (2004) Efficient solar cells from layered nanostructures of donor and acceptor conjugated polymers. Chem Mater 16 4647... 

In this work, we study the influence of the orientation of the conjugated polymer segments on the electric behaviour of single-carrier polymer diodes, using a computational model based on a generalized dynamical Monte Carlo method, which includes explicitly the nanostructure of the polymer layer and the molecular properties of the polymer as input parameters. 

As mentioned above, suitable orthogonal solvents had to be identified for the different, successive fabrication steps of functional devices based on nanostructured conjugated polymer films. 

Secondly, appropriate orthogonal solvents for the selective template dissolution had to be found. Because of the same reason mentioned above, these solvents are not allow to even slightly swell the nanostructured conjugated polymers, otherwise the desired stractural features are inevitable lost. Diethyl ether and xylene were identified as ideal solvents for PEDOT and PPy, respectively. Chlorobenzene was reported to have no effect on the nanostructure of electrodeposited P3MT, but in this study the opposite was found [13]. Instead, pure diethyl ether or a 2 1 mixture of diethyl ether and hexane were used. 

Figure 7.3a shows the profound impact a so-called non-solvent for PT, such as chlorobenzene, can have on the nanostructure. Although chlorobenzene does not dissolve the polymer film, no obvious mesoporous nanostructure is left after template removal. This is most probably due to diffusion of solvent molecules into the conjugated polymer which destabilize the about 11 nm thick gyroidal network struts and eventually leads to the structural collapse. Using diethyl ether as solvent for the template dissolution instead resulted in mesoporous and highly ordered films. However, the free-surface did not show the same degree of order and porosity as the bulk of the film, see Fig. 7.3c. This behavior at the free-surface was more pronounced in the case of PEDOT and PPy, and will be discussed in more detail in the following to sections.

Hybridization between )r-conjugated polymers and metals at the nanoscale level has been used for luminescence enhancement and to realize biosensing through SPR coupling [6, 64,65,101,102]. The surface plasmon defines a coherent excitation of free electrons in metal nanostructures interacting with an incident electromagnetic... 

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