Conjugate distance

Conjugate distances The object and image distances. The object and image points are called conjugate points. 

Thin lens A lens that consists of one or more elements and whose overall thickness is very much smaller than one or both of its focal lengths or conjugate distances a lens that may be considered infinitesimally thin. Distinguished from a thick lens. 

A spherical mirror in air may be visualized as a spherical refracting surface for which n = —l hence, the equation that relates the conjugate distances for a mirror is... 

A lens that may not be considered infinitesimally thin is called a thick lens. It is not always obvious when a lens must be considered thick indeed, that may depend on how precisely we want to measure its focal length or its conjugate distances. In general, however, a thick lens does not satisfy the condition that its thickness t is much less than / and V. 

Conjugate distances are now measured from the respective principal points, not from the surfaces of the lens and... 

Planes constructed at the focal points perpendicular to the optical axis are called focal planes. Parallel rays, even if not parallel to the axis, intersect in the focal plane. Corresponding points in the object and image space— points that satisfy an object-image relation—are called conjugate points. Planes within the points are conjugate planes. The distances between conjugate points and the surface are called conjugate distances [2]. 

The first three of a series of papers by Ridd and co-workers on Inductive and Field effects in Aromatic Substitution have appeared. Results of studies of the nitration of 4-phenylp5nidine and of 4-benzylpyridine in aqueous sulphuric acid were reported and use of the usual criteria (para 8.2) showed that in each case the conjugate acid was the species undergoing nitration. The values of where fm refers to the corresponding homocyclic compound (biphenyl or diphenylmethane) when plotted against r, the distance between the... 

In resonance terms the shorter carbon-oxygen bond distance in phenol is attrib uted to the partial double bond character that results from conjugation of the unshared electron pair of oxygen with the aromatic ring... 

Conjugation is more important 1 3 Cyclohexanedione exists mainly in its enol form in spite of the fact that intramolecular hydrogen bonding is impossible due to the distance between the carbonyl group and the enohc —OH group... 

Figure 4-6. Evolution of the INDO/SCI-calculalcd. splitting between the lowest two oplieal transitions of cofacial dimers formed by two PPV chains as a function of the inverse number of bonds (1/u) along the conjugated backbone of the oligomer. The theoretical results are reported for interchain distances of 4 A (open circles) and C> A (tilled circles).

The photoinduced absorption and the electrical characteristics of the conjugated LPPP show that the optoelectrical properties are strongly dependent on charge carrier traps in the bandgap. From aromatic molecular crystals it is known that impurities and structural imperfections form localized states [34]. LPPP forms homogeneous and dense films with a mean interchain distance of about 20 A and ncgligi-... 

Whereas XRD patterns of the thin crystalline films provide information on the orientation and lattice distances perpendicular to the substrate, AFM has proven to be a powerful technique for obtaining structural information of thin-lilm surfaces of conjugated materials 195 j. AFM imaging of the surface of a thin (10 nm) annealed film of Ooct-OFV5 confirmed the domain structure of the annealed Ooct-... 

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