Congenital heart defect

Arizona, was exposed to trichloroethylene in drinking water and had increased numbers of congenital heart defects (Goldberg et al. 1990). 

Eisenmenger s syndrome A congenital heart defect with an abnormal connection between systemic circulation and lung circulation. 

Completely repaired congenital heart defect with prosthetic material or device, whether placed by surgeiy or by catheter intervention, during the first 6 months after the procedure ... 

Many disease traits are either present or absent in the individual (e.g., cleft lip and/or palate, club foot, congenital heart defects, cancer, diabetes). These traits are also thought to correspond to the multifectorial model, but the distribution here refers to an underlying liability to develop disease. Expression of the disease occurs only when a specific threshold is reached (Fig H-5 2). For some multifactorial diseases, the threshold differs in males and females. 

This is now a routine part of prenatal care, and it will detect some malformations and genetic diseases (e.g., nearly aU cases of anencephaly, most cases of open spina bifida, some types of reduced stature conditions, many congenital heart defects). However, the sensitivity of ultrasound diagnosis is low for many conditions (e.g., Down syndrome), and it fails to detect many genetic and biochemical abnormalities. 

Children Caverject is not indicated for use in newborns or children. However, alprostadil Prostin VR Pediatric) is used in newborns to maintain the patency of the ductus arteriosus in neonates with congenital heart defects. 

Nora JJ, Nora HA, Toews WH Lithium, Ebstein s anomaly, and other congenital heart defects. Lancet 2 594-595, 1974... 

PGEj (Alprostadil) is being used as IV infusion in infants with congenital heart defects, to maintain the patency of ductus arteriosus. 

E. Congenital heart defects are the most common cause of congestive heart failure. 

Gata4 G296S, E359del Congenital Heart Defects Nature, 2003. 424(6947) p. 443-7. 

Trichloroethylene (TCE) and its metabolite trichloroacetic acid (TCA) are cardiac teratogens. Both are common drinking water contaminants in the United States, and exposure to TCE during pregnancy has been shown to produce congenital heart defects in children exposed to it in utero via an unknown mechanism. The risk for congenital heart defects in children whose mothers lived in close proximity to TCE emitting sites is three times more than those whose mothers were not so exposed. I16-18 ... 

Yauck JS, Malloy ME, Blair K, et al. Proximity of residence to trichloroethylene-emitting sites and increased risk of offspring congenital heart defects among older women. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2004 70(10) 8-14. 

Watson RE, Jacobson CF, Williams AL, et al. Trichloroethylene-contaminated drinking water and congenital heart defects A critical analysis of the literature. Reprod Toxicol 2006 21 (2) 117—47. 

Alprostadil is also used to treat several aspects of cardiovascular disease. For example, it is administered intravenously to neonates with congenital heart disease to maintain the patency of the ductus arteriosus before surgery can take place. In neonates treated with alprostadil for congenital heart defects, several side effects were observed in a 3-year study examining almost 500 children. These included some cardiovascular events, and in some individuals, respiratory depression (298). Alprostadil has also been used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease, especially Raynaud s syndrome, which is characterized by digital ischemia induced by cold and... 

FIGURE 8.1 Comparisons of survival in primary pulmonary hypertension, congenital heart defects, and collagen vascular disease (unpublished data). (CHD, congenital heart disease CTD, connective tissue disease.) (From Ref. 4.)... 

Rosenzweig EB, Kerstein D, Barst RJ, et al. Long-term prostacyclin for pulmonary hypertension with associated congenital heart defects. Circulation 1999 99(14) 1858—65. 

By 1993 we had explored the clinical applications of inhaled nitric oxide in over 200 children with pulmonary hypertension or respiratory failure (Fig. 1). The majority of these patients suffered from pulmonary hypertensive congenital heart disease and were under 1 year of age, reflecting the bias toward early surgical repair of congenital heart defects at Children s Hospi-... 

---