Conflict paradigm

La Marca, S and Dunn, RW (1994) The ot2" ntagonists idazoxan and rauwolscine but not yohimbine or piperoxan are anxiolytic in the Vogel lick-shock conflict paradigm following intravenous administration. Life Sci. 54 179-184. 

Another behavioral approach used to assess aspects of anxiety in animals relies on conflict paradigms in combination with punishment, mostly induced by electric foot shock. Due to ethical and also ethological considerations, paradigms based on electric shock are less often used than tests for unconditioned anxiety. However, it has been hypothesized that behavioral expressions displayed in tests for unconditioned and conditioned anxiety may reflect profoundly different aspects of anxiety (File 1995 Griebel 1996 Millan and Brocco 2003). Thus, shock paradigms are quite frequently included in behav-... 

Types of Tolerance Explanations of Tolerance Behavioral Pharmacology Reinforcement and Punishment Operant Principles and Drug Dependence Drug Discrimination Conflict Paradigm... 

The drug self-administration procedure is perhaps the most obvious method in behavioral pharmacology through which research with animals can provide important information about human drug abuse. There are other important methods, however, and we now consider tw o of them drug discrimination and the conflict paradigm. 

Two methods of learning about drug effects are drug discrimination and conflict paradigm studies. 

Conflict paradigm A research procedure that concerns the efTfccts on a behavior of a drug that has a history of both reinforcement and punishment (Chapter 5). 

Two selective 5-HT4 receptor antagonists, SB 204070 (23) and SB 207266 (24), were determined to have modest anxiolytic activity in rats when evaluated in the social interaction test [62], Rats given either compound and subjected to the elevated-plus maze spent increased amounts of time in the open arms compared with controls. In another model of anxiety, the Gel-ler-Seifter conflict paradigm, neither compound had an effect on either punished or unpunished responding. These compounds had similar efficacy to chlordiazepoxide in the social interaction test, but were less efficacious in the elevated-plus maze. 

The study of risk perception has been punctuated with controversy, conflict, and paradigm shifts. Despite more than three decades of research, scientists understanding of risk assessment remains fragmented and incoherent. Until recently, eating food has been viewed as a low-risk activity and perceived risk was primarily related to matters of hygiene. Recently, however, the safety of food supplies has been called increasingly in to question. Consider a recent chronology of food scares (Scholderer, 2002) ... 

There are many methods of analyzing variability and uncertainty and many ways of presenting the results. Inappropriate use of these methods leads to misleading results, and experts differ on what is appropriate. Disagreement about which methods are appropriate will result in wasted resources, conflict over findings, and reduced credibility with decision makers and the public. T here is, therefore, a need to reach a consensus on how to choose and use appropriate methods, and to present this in the form of guidance for prospective users. Written in a clear and concise style, the book examines how to use probabilistic methods within a risk-based decision paradigm. 

Traditional industry paradigm has the Quality Department responsible for quality and the Manufacturing Department responsible for producing product. Inherent conflict exists in this model due to competing functional priorities. By building quality concepts and accountabilities into production processes responsible for production, quality becomes infused into the organization. Both Quality and... 

Allen, Epp. 1634 91-96 1753 19-27. The literature on Erasmus conflict with Luther is extensive. For recent treatments, see M. O Rourke-Boyle, Rhetoric and Reform Erasmus Civil Dispute with Luther (Cambridge, Mass., 1983) V. Kahn, Rhetoric, Prudence, and Skepticism, chap. 4 Erasmus Prudence and Faith G. Remer, Humanism and the Rhetoric of Toleration (University Park, 1996), chap. 1 Erasmus The Paradigm of Humanist Toleration, and the literature cited there. 

In D2 KO mice conflicting results have been obtained on a place preference paradigm. In morphine-naive mice Maldonado et al. (1997) reported an impairment of morphine-conditioned place preference while Dockstader et al. (2001) did not. Curiously morphine-conditioned place preference was impaired in morphine-dependent D2 KO mice. 

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