Confined crystallization macromolecules

Quiram D. J., Register R. A., Marchand G. R., and Adamson D. H. (1998) Chain orientation in block copolymers exhibiting cylindrically confined crystallization. Macromolecules 31 4891-4898. 

Castillo RV, Muller AJ, Lin MC, Chen HL, Jeng US, Hillmyer MA. Confined crystallization and morphology of melt segregated PLLA-b-PE and PLDA-b-PE diblock copolymers. Macromolecules 2008 41 6154-6164. 

Figure 1.8 Model for confined crystallization in a lamellar phase formed by a polyethylene-i>-poly(vinylcyclohexane) diblock (Reproduced from I. W. Hamley et al. Macromolecules 29, 8835 (1996) Copyright (1996) with permission from the American Chemical Society.)...

Opitz R., Lambreva D. M., and de Jeu W. H. (2002) Confined crystallization of ethylene-oxide butadiene diblock copolymers in lamellar films. Macromolecules 35 6930-6936. 

Rottele A., Thurn-Albrecht T., Sommer J.-U., and Reiter G. (2003) Thermodynamics of formation, reorganization, and melting of confined nanometer-sized polymer crystals. Macromolecules 36 1257-1260. 

Taden A, Landfester K (2003) Crystallization of poly(ethylene oxide) confined in miniemulsion droplets. Macromolecules 36 4037-4041... 

Aurierrrma E, De Rosa C, Triolo R (2006) Slow crystallization kinetics of poly(vinyl alcohol) in confined envirorrment during cryotropic gelation of aqueous solutions. Macromolecules 39 9429... 

A definition of this kind confines bond types to covalent bonds, coordinate bonds, and electron-deficient bonds. Metallic bonds and ionic bonds are excluded. Associations of atoms built from metallic bonds are not considered to be macromolecules since the electrons could be shared by all atoms, but the bonds are nondirectional. Likewise, ionic crystals such as common salt are not considered macromolecules because, for the ideal ionic bond, the electrons are not common to both atoms and the bond is likewise nondirectional. On the other hand, compounds held together by hydrogen bonds, such as the double helix of DNA, are considered macromolecules and not associates since the electrons are shared by the hydrogen bonds, and the hydrogen bond is directed. 

Hsiao, M., Zheng, J.X., Horn, R.M.V., Quirk, R.P., Thomas, E.L, Chen, H. et al. (2009) Poly(ethylene oxide) crystal orientation change under ID nanoscale confinement using polystyrene-block-poly (ethylene oxide) copolymers confined dimension and reduced tethering, density effects. Macromolecules, 42, 8343-8352. 

Lutkenhaus JL, McEnnis K, Serghei A, Russell TP. Confinement effects on crystallization and curie transitions of polyfvinylidene fluoride-cn-trifluoroethylene). Macromolecules 2010 43 3844-3850. 

MicheU RM, Lorenzo AT, Miiller AJ, Lin MC, Chen HL, Blaszczyk-Lezak I, Martin J, Mijangos C. The crystallization of confined polymers and block copolymers infiltrated within alumina nanotube templates. Macromolecules 2012 45 1517-1528. 

Nojima S, Ohguma Y, Kadena K, Ishizone T, Iwasaki Y, Yamaguchi K. Crystal orientation of poly(c-caprolactone) homopolymers confined in cylindrical nanodomains. Macromolecules 2010 43 3916-3923. 

Nakagawa S, Tanaka T, Ishizone T, Nojima S, Kakiuchi Y, Yamaguchi K, Nakahama S. Crystallization behavior of poly(e-caprolactone) chains confined in nanocylinders Effects of block chains tethered to nanocyhnder interfaces. Macromolecules 2013 46 2199-2205. 

Chung TM, Wang TC, Ho RM, Sun YS, Ko BT. Polymeric crystallization under nanoscale 2D spatial confinement. Macromolecules 2010 43 6237-6240. 

Different monomers may be copolymerized to modify the properties of thermoplastics. For the same purpose, homo- and copolymers are frequently mixed with other substances, including other polymers, various fillers, and nanofillers. The presence of comonomers in macromolecules, as well as interactions between macromolecules in miscible blends, can affect both crystallization and morphology of the polymeric material. Interfaces and the confinement of polymer chains within a finite volume influence the solidification and morphology of immiscible polymer blends and polymer-based composites. They are also of special importance in ultra-thin polymer layers where the thickness is comparable to or smaller than the lamellar crystal thickness itself... 

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