Confined charge

Brisance. Sand Test, 200g bomb 37.5 to 39.5g sand crushed vs 48.0g for TNT (78 to 82.5% TMT) PIsts Dgjjj Test Method A for pressed confined charge, 91% of TNT at d 1.50g/cc Explosion Temperature. 

Deuterium-terminated PS shows the same microstructure and VB energy shift, but the PL is significantly blue shifted if compared to hydrogen-terminated PS. This indicates that the surface vibration of terminated atoms couples to the excited energy states of quantum-confined charge carriers [Mall]. 

W.M. Slie R.H. Stresau, Small Scale Plate Dent Test of Confined Charges , NavOrd-Rept 2422(1952)... 

In Fig 5.1 of Cook (Ref 5, p 92) is shown development of detonation head in steady-state detonation for cylindrical unconfined and confined charges, taking into consideration the spherical shape of the wave front. 

Pugh et al. In confined charges, the steady-state detonation head, should, in this model, be somewhat larger because confinement would lower at least the initial velocity of... 

Cook (1958), 91 3 (Steady-state detonation head for solid unconfined and confined charges) 93-7 (Experimental detonation head in gases) 97-9 (Experimental detonation head in condensed explosives) 120-22 (Detonation head model proposed in 1943) and 128 (Detonation head in ideal detonation with maximum velocity transient)... 

Confined charges have smaller critical and limiting diameters than unconfined chges and the stronger the inertial resistance of confining walls, the smaller are these diameters... 

Fig. 7. In an effort to improve tlie performance of the basic semiconductor laser, researchers developed tlie buried-heterostructure laser. In this configuration, the p-n junction is reduced to a tube that runs the length of the semiconductor crystal. This tube is surrounded by layers of semiconductor whose wide band gap raises the electrical barrier confining charge earner s within the tube. The wide-band-gap material also confines the. photons produced at the junction. The laser beam spreads because of diffraction occurring where the beam emerges from tlie face of tire device...

The Heat and Products of Detonation of Heavily Confined Charges of XTX-6003 a... 

Scott (Ref 41) also investigated the effect of cooling Tetryl on its shock initiation behavior. Confined and lightly confined charges at 1.47 g/cc and 0.100 inch diam were found to have the following pressure thresholds ... 

In the Rifle Bullet Test (0.30 cal bullets fired into the open end of pipe-confined charges), Ref 9 gives the following results ... 

SENSITIVITY - Cap sensitive when loaded at a density of. 86 G/cc or less. Sensitive to a small dynamite booster (V4 stick) to loading density of 1.2 G/cc. These figures are for a slightly confined charge (can, bottle or paper tube) at 5 cm. in diameter. Lower loading densities with the "soap" additive will allow a reduction of the useable charge diameter to 4 cm. while retaining 8 cap sensitivity. 

It is important to note, that this approximation is only based on the pressure. The impulse of the shockwave and the fragment impact (e.g. from confined charges or fume-cupboard shields in lab) are not taken into consideration. 

It is important to note that this approximation is based only on the pressure/im-pulse of the shock wave and does not take into account the fragment formation (e.g. from confined charges, fume-cupboard front shields in the laboratory, reaction vessel glass). 

On top of the ITO layer one usually deposites an HTL or more-recently buffer layer. It serves to planarize the irregularities present at the ITO surface, produces an interface with an emitting layer that confines charge carriers away from the electrodes, and provides the h+ delivery for exciton formation. 

Detonation velocities in confined charges may be measured with a streak camera or by pin switches. The techniques are potentially accurate to 0.5%. The camera has the advantage that a continuous record of buildup and detonation transfer can be obtained [18,19], In the sample holder (Figure 8), the central hole has the diameter of a typical detonator. 0.136 in. (0.345 cm), and the initiation of the lead azide is by a hot wire. The flat window, cut and polished from a 3/8-in. (0.095-cm) -diam rod, which covers the slit provides a bright, sharp slit image through which to view the propagation of detonation with the camera. 

The critical diameter of lead azide for Unconfined powders or crystals has not been established and cannot be until one determines the pressure or absence of detonations in the small dimensions cited above. In the case of heavily confined charges, work on swaged-lead detonating cord lead to the expression [24]... 

Explosive Characteristics Detonation Velocity For one-inch-diam im-confined charges the following deton velocities, D, were obtained (Ref 2) ... 

---