Synthesis conductive polymers

Scheme 6 Biphasic biocatalytic system in conducting polymer synthesis. (Reprinted with permission from Marcilla et al. [48]. 2009, WUey)...

Fig. 11.8. Current density as a function of rotation rate during growth of electrodeposited polypyrrole film at 0.550 ( ), 0.600 ( ), 0.650 (T), and 0.700 ( ) V. (Reprinted with permission from D. J. Fermin, M. Mostany, and B. Scharifker, Electronically Conducting Polymers Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Polypyrrole, Curr. Topics Electrochem. 2 132-136, 1993.)...

When ionic liquids are used, this will have a significant effect on the viscosity and hence the conductivity and rate of ion diffusion within the ionic liquids. Growth of conducting polymers at reduced temperatures (as low as — 28 ° C) [4,24] in molecular solvent systems is generally accepted to result in smoother, more conductive films, but we have found that in ionic liquids the significant increase in the viscosity can be problematic. In addition, the temperature used for the conducting polymer synthesis may be limited by the melting point of the ionic liquid [25]. 

The potential improvements that ionic liquids may impart to conducting polymers have been widely discussed - increased doping levels, smoother films, increased conductivity, decreased over-oxidation and improved electrochemical stability and so on. However, the research to date in this area has only just begun to investigate these hypotheses and demonstrate any material advantages in the use of ionic liquids future directions in this area must focus on some of these issues in addition to simply demonstrating the use of new ionic liquids for conducting polymer synthesis. 

M. Ishikawa and J. Ohshita, in Handbook of Organic Conductive Molecules and Polymers Vol. 2. Conductive Polymers Synthesis and Electrical Properties (Ed. H. S. Nalwa), Chap. 15, Wiley, Chichester, 1997. 

Nalwa HS, "Handbook of Organic Conductive Molecules and Polymers", Vol. 1, "Charge-Transfer Salts, Fullerenes and Photoconductors" Vol. 2, "Conductive Polymers Synthesis and Electrical Properties" Vol. 3, "Conductive Polymers Spectroscopy, Photo-Physics and Applications" Vol. 4, "Conductive Polymers Transport and Physical Properties", Wiley, Chichester, 1997. 

Contents v. 1. Charge-transfer salts, fullerenes, and photoconductors—v. 2. Conductive polymers synthesis and electrical properties— v. 3. Conductive polymers spectroscopy and physical properties—v. 4. Conductive polymers transport, photophysics and applications. 

Volume 2 Conductive Polymers Synthesis and Electrical Properties... 

Lepage, D., Kuss, C., Schougaard, S. B. (2013). Conducting polymers in lithium batteries. Conducting Polymers Synthesis, Properties and Applications, Nova Science Publishers, Inc. pp. 291-314. 

Conductive Polymers Synthesis and Electrical Properties (Ed. H. S. Nalwa), Wiley,... 

Stenger-Smith J. D., Intrinsicalty electrically conducting polymers. Synthesis, characterization, and their applications. Prog. Polym. ScL, 1998,23,57-79. 

Li, C. et al. (2009). Porous Carbon Nanofibers Derived fi-om Conducting Polymer Synthesis and Application in Lithium-Ion Batteries with High-Rate Capability. 

K. Akagi, H. Goto, H. Shirakawa, Fenoeleclric liquid crystalline conducting polymers - synthesis and properties of polyacetylene derivatives with chiroptical liquid crystalline groups, Synth. Met., 84, 313-316 (1997). 

However, we need to note that other chemical routes, rather than oxidation polymerization, can also be applied for conducting polymer synthesis. For example, polymers such as poly(pheny lene vinylene), poly(phenylene ethynylene), and their derivatives are usually synthesized using the Wittig reaction (Wittig and Schollkopf 1954), Heck reaction (Heck and Nolley 1972), and Gilch... 

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