Condenser mixing

The resulting ferrous bicarbonate is not particularly stable in condensate, being affected by heat, pH, and the partial pressure of C02 in the steam-C02 condensate mix. Various secondary reactions subsequently take place, resulting in the formation of ferrous ox ferric oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates throughout the condensate system. 

Know the meaning of keto form, enol form, tautomers, tautomerism, enolate anion, a-hydrogen and a-carbon, aldol condensation, mixed aldol condensation. 

The compound is next placed in a round-bottomed flask fitted with a reflux condenser, mixed with 225 ml. of dry chloroform, and 160 g. (230 ml.) of diethylamine, and the mixture kept at 60° for 9 hours. A higher temperature is to be avoided because of decomposition. Then 200 ml. of chloroform is added and the remaining oxyphosphorus triamide filtered off. It is washed with dry chloroform until the chloride reactions in the product and wash solution are... 

As was the case with the aldol condensation, mixed ester condensations can be useful if one of the components can only act as the electrophile—that is, if it cannot form an enolate anion (no hydrogens on the o-carbon). The following esters are most commonly employed in this role ... 

The coalescence or complete separation of an emulsion occurs when two particles approach each other and no barrier exists between them. This process is avoided by producing a strong condensed mixed monolayer film or a multilayer coating around the droplets. A stable W/O emulsion is produced from surfactants or a mixture of surfactants that have very long hydrocarbon chains. 

Example 4.17 Ideal reheat regenerative cycle A steam power plant is using an ideal reheat regenerative Rankine cycle (see Figure 4.23). Steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 9000 kPa and 773.15 K and leaves at 850 kPa. The condenser operates at 10 kPa. Part of the steam is extracted from the turbine at 850 kPa to heat the water in an open heater, where the steam and liquid water from the condenser mix and direct contact heat transfer takes place. The rest of the steam is reheated to 723.15 K, and expanded in the low-pressure turbine section to the condenser pressure. The water is a saturated liquid after passing through the water heater and is at the heater pressure. The work output of the turbine is 75 MW. Determine the work loss at each unit. 

Figure 15.12. Percentage condensed as a function of condenser length for condensation of a mixture of normal paraffins (propane to -octane). Note differences between condensate mixing models.

There is no significant difference between the two extremes of condensate mixing (i.e.,... 

Analogous to mixed aldol condensations, mixed Claisen condensations involve carbon-carbon bond formation between the a-carbon atom of one ester and the carbonyl carbon of another. 

Fig. 4.5 A simplified illustration of the local rectangular arrangement of nanoparticles in a condensed mixed phase. Reprinted with permission from [46]. Copyright from Wiley-VCH 2011...

Distillation is one of the most important separation methods both in chemical and petrochemical industries. However, this process involves large energy consumption due to the heat to be supplied to the bottom reboiler, and the heat to be removed from the top condenser. Mix et al. [1] found that 60% of energy used hy chemical industry was for distillation. For this reason, any way of reducing this energy consumption would provide a great benefit. 

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